Table 2.
Summary of the 12 available systems to locate and alert first responders to nearby out-of-hospital cardiac arrests ordered by year of activation.
| Name of system | Country | Technology (platform) | Location tracking | Year of activation | Maximum activation radius | Active time | Activation criteria | First-responders training | Number of registered First Responders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Momentum19, 29, 34 | Switzerland | Text message (all) App (iOS, Android)b |
City or community (Text message) GPS (App) |
2006 (Text message), 2014 (App) | Same city or community (Text message) Dynamic (based on ambulance ETA) |
24/7 | OHCA Excluded: unsafe environment, trained bystander-CPR already initiated, ambulance ETA < first responders |
BLS/AED | 3400 |
| AED-Alert24 | Netherlands | Text message (all) App (iOS, Android) b |
Registered address (home or work) | 2008 | 1000 m | n/a | OHCA | BLS/AED | 6000 |
| HartslagNu (HeartbeatNow)20, 25, 26, 31, 37, 39, 41 | Netherlands | Text message (all) App (iOS, Android)b |
ZIP code derived location | 2008 | 1000 m | 24/7 | OHCA Excluded: address not known, non-cardiac cause, age < 8 years; ambulance ETA < first responders, AED already present, AED on-site, unsafe environment |
BLS/AED | >91,000 |
| Mobile Lifesaver Service (SMSlivräddare)21, 22, 43 | Sweden | Text message followed by a phone call (all) App (iOS, Android)b |
GPS | 2010 (Text message), 2015 (App) | 500 m (Text message) Dynamic (240–1,200 m) for CPR, 1,400 m for AED (App) |
6 am–11 pm, 7 am–11 pm | OHCA Excluded: age < 8 years, unsafe environment, non-cardiac cause, EMS-witnessed |
CPR | 23 ,097 |
| PulsePoint Respond32, 40 | USA | App (iOS, Android) | GPS | 2010 | 400 m | n/a | OHCA, medical emergencies Excluded: private location, unsafe environment |
Optional: BLS/AED | 1 ,569,084 |
| FirstAED27, 28, 38 | Denmark | App (iOS) | GPS | 2012 | n/a | n/a | OHCA, medical emergencies | CPR/AED and 3 h/year refresh course | 215 |
| Good Samaritan30 | France | App (iOS, Android) | n/a | 2015 | 150 m | n/a | OHCA | First aid | 10,000 |
| Lee et al.23a | Seul, Korea | Text message (all) | Registered address | 2015 | Same neighbourhood | 6 am–10 pm | OHCA | CPR | 63,924 |
| myResponder35 | Singapore | App (iOS, Android) | n/a | 2015 | 400 m | n/a | OHCA, minor fire, major incident | Suggested: CPR | 39,070 |
| GoodSAM18 | UK, Australia, New Zealand, India, USA, Brazil, South Africa | App (iOS, Android, Windows Phone) | GPS | 2015 | 300 m (London City) | n/a | OHCA, medical emergencies | Valid professional identification or CPR/AED training certificate | >8000 |
| DAE RespondER42 | Italy | App (iOS, Android) | GPS and registered addresses | 2017 | 5000 m | n/a | OHCA | No | 7130 |
| Mobile Rescuers33, 36 | Germany | App (iOS, Android) | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | OHCA | Yes | 740 |
a Name of the app/system not found.
b
Initially based on Text Message and then moved to app.
CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation, AED = automated external defibrillator, BLS = basic life support, OHCA = out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.