Fig. 3.

Placebo tests for the effect of training on complaints, sustained or settled complaints, and use of force. In the placebo tests, the training is artificially introduced before the observed onset of training. The placebo ATT is estimated for the period between the artificial onset and the true onset, denoted by the blue region. The P value for the placebo ATT is shown. (Top) Training is artificially introduced 3 mo before the true onset, and the placebo ATT is calculated for the period −3 mo to 0 mo. (Bottom) Training is artificially introduced 5 mo before the true onset, and the ATT is calculated for the period −5 mo to 0 mo. For all outcomes, we find no evidence for an effect of training in the placebo period, and the models pass the placebo test. The 95% CIs and $P$ values are computed using 2,000 block bootstraps at the cluster level. The uncertainty for the placebo ATT is larger than the ATT in the full data because the placebo tests are informed by fewer observations in the pretraining condition.