Table 1.

Average effect of training on complaints received, sustained or settled complaints, and mandatory reports of use of force

	Complaints	Sustained	Force
Cumulative ATT	−11.60	−1.67	−7.45
SE	2.09	0.61	2.33
95% CI	−15.60, −7.45	−2.81, −0.40	−12.40, −3.37
P	<0.001	0.008	0.002
Cluster fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes
Month fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes
Officers	8,618	8,618	8,618
Months	63	58	63
Clusters	328	328	328
Treated clusters	306	295	306
Always-control clusters	22	33	22
Observations	20,664	19,204	20,664

The cumulative ATT represents the average reduction after 24 mo per 100 trained officers. The 95% CIs are computed using 2,000 block bootstrap runs at the cluster level.