. 2020 May 11;7:8. doi: 10.1186/s40479-020-00124-8

Table 4.

Multivariate linear regressions modelling parenting stress by mental health variables (N = 284)

	Parenting stress domains (PSI-4-SF)
	Parenting stress				Parenting distress				Difficult child				Difficult relationship
	b	SE	β	t	b	SE	β	t	b	SE	β	t	b	SE	β	t
	F(19,283) = 19.76***, R² = .59				F(19,283) = 21.39***, R² = .61				F(19,283) = 9.41***, R² = .40				F(19,283) = 13.29***, R² = .49
PID-5-BF Personality traits
Negative affect	.95	.46	.13	2.08*	.23	.17	.09	1.37	.35	.20	.13	1.70	.37	.20	.13	1.87
Detachment	1.22	.54	.15	2.24*	.70	.20	.23	3.48**	.08	.24	.03	.31	.44	.24	.14	1.85
Antagonism	−.28	.55	−.02	−.51	−.38	.21	−.08	−1.84	−.04	.25	−.01	−.14	.13	.24	.03	.55
Disinhibition	−.18	.47	−.02	−.38	.01	.18	.00	.08	−.09	.21	−.03	−.41	−.11	.21	−.03	−.52
Psychoticism	−.14	.45	−.02	−.32	.03	.17	.01	.17	−.07	.20	−.02	−.33	−.10	.20	−.04	−.54
MSI-BPD BPD Features	−.27	.59	−.03	−.45	.08	.22	.03	.38	−.12	.26	−.04	−.45	−.23	.26	−.07	−.90
MHI-5 Psychological wellbeing	−1.32	.31	−.26	−4.33***	−.77	.11	−.39	−6.74***	−.37	.14	−.20	−2.74**	−.18	.13	−.09	−1.38
CTQ-SF Trauma history
Emotional abuse	.10	.33	.02	.314	.08	.12	.05	.68	−.01	.15	−.01	−.07	.03	.14	.02	.22
Physical abuse	−.31	.29	−.06	−1.06	−.02	.11	−.01	−.22	−.21	.13	−.11	−1.58	−.08	.13	−.04	−.63
Sexual abuse	.16	.21	.04	.76	.19	.08	.11	2.42**	.01	.10	.00	.07	−.04	.09	−.02	−.39
Emotional neglect	.69	.46	.11	1.49	−.11	.17	−.04	−.64	.54	.21	.22	2.64**	.25	.20	.10	1.26
Physical neglect	−.21	.42	−.03	−.49	−.17	.16	−.07	−1.10	−.09	.19	−.04	−.47	.06	.18	.02	.31
RQ Attachment style
Secure	.84	.75	.06	1.13	.35	.28	.07	1.24	.19	.33	.04	.57	.31	.33	.06	.95
Fearful	−.15	.79	−.01	−.19	.23	.29	.04	.78	−.29	.35	−.06	−.84	−.09	.34	−.02	−.25
Pre-occupied	−.77	.67	−.05	−1.15	.28	.25	.05	1.11	−.43	.30	−.08	− 1.45	−.61	.29	−.11	−2.09
Dismissing	1.04	.68	.07	1.53	.25	.25	.04	.99	.49	.30	.09	1.61	.30	.30	.05	1.02
PFRQ Reflective capacity
Non-mentalizing	12.18	1.48	.42	8.24***	2.22	.55	.20	4.04***	4.46	.66	.41	6.77***	5.50	.65	.48	8.53***
Certainty about mental states	−3.88	1.09	−.15	−3.55***	−.63	.41	−.06	−1.54	−1.4	.49	−.15	−2.87**	−1.85	.48	−.18	−3.88***
Interest/curiosity in mental states	−.19	1.51	−.01	−.13	−.02	.56	−.00	−.04	.51	.68	.04	.76	−.68	.66	−.05	−1.03

Notes. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. b unstandardized regression coefficient, SE standard error of the mean, β standardised regression coefficient, R² amount of variance accounted for in the dependent variable by each model. PSI-4-SF, Parenting Stress Index 4th Edition – Short Form, PID-5-BD Personality Inventory for DSM-5 – Brief Form, MHI-5 Mental Health Inventory, CTQ-SF Childhood Trauma Questionnaire – Short Form, RQ Relationships Questionnaire, PRFQ Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire