Table 3.

Food categories and subcategories of daily portion of the observed and optimized diets by the adult 18–60-year-old male and female population^a.

	Categories		Subcategories	Observed diet (g/day)						Optimized diet (g/day)
				Males			Females			Males	Females
				5th	90th	Mean	5th	90th	Mean
1	Cereals, cereal products, and substitutes			130.1	438.7	298.8	98.9	345.5	233.2	388.1	298.3
		1	Bread and flour	29.6	262.8	150.2	11.9	188.0	103.9	186.7	174.9
		2	Pizza	0.0	33.3	9.1	0.0	33.3	7.8	0.0c	0.0c
		3	Breakfast cereals	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.0	7.0	1.9	0.0d	0.0c
		4	Pasta with eggs, filled, etc.	0.0	13.5	4.5	0.0	10.8	3.3	13.5b	10.8b
		5	Pasta, pasta substitute and flour	16.7	124.7	78.4	12.4	106.1	63.5	124.7b	49.9
		6	Rice	0.0	43.5	16.5	0.0	39.5	15.2	21.0	0.0c
		7	Biscuits	0.0	42.2	13.8	0.0	35.3	12.6	42.2b	35.3b
		8	Cakes and sweet snacks	0.0	54.9	19.7	0.0	50.0	16.2	0.0c	0.0c
		9	Savory fine bakery products	0.0	20.0	5.7	0.0	27.4	9.0	0.0c	27.4b
2	Pulses			0.0	38.6	11.3	0.0	36.9	11.2	20.0	36.9b
		10	Pulses, fresh or processed	0.0	38.6	11.3	0.0	36.9	11.2	20.0	36.9b
3	Vegetables			75.0	384.2	231.5	71.8	339.3	211.3	306.8	329.3
		11	Leafy, fruiting and other vegetables, fresh	35.6	301.1	167.9	37.0	271.9	157.6	248.0	271.9b
		12	Roots and onions, fresh	1.1	53.6	19.7	0.3	52.8	19.1	53.6b	52.8b
		13	Vegetables, processed	0.0	91.1	41.8	0.0	73.8	32.6	0.0c	0.0c
		14	Spices and herbs	0.0	5.2	2.1	0.0	4.7	1.9	5.2b	4.7b
4	Potatoes and tapioca			0.0	135.9	55.0	0.0	119.3	46.6	133.0	116.8
		15	Potatoes and potato-based dishes and tapioca, excl. crisps	0.0	133.0	54.2	0.0	117.3	46.1	133.0b	116.8
		16	Potatoes crisps	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.0d	0.0d
5	Fruit			0.0	390.4	194.6	0.0	399.7	211.6	193.2	170.7
		17	Citrus and stone fruits, fresh	0.0	368.3	174.0	0.0	380.0	191.5	183.9	162.3
		18	Exotic fruits	0.0	66.7	17.4	0.0	58.3	17.2	0.0c	0.0c
		19	Nuts, seeds, dried fruit, olives and their products	0.0	9.3	3.1	0.0	8.4	2.6	9.3b	8.3
		20	Fruit canned	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.0d	0.0d
6	Meat, meat products, and substitutes			40.8	220.7	132.6	24.4	166.7	97.9	40.8c	24.4c
		21	Beef and veal, not preserved, excl. offal	0.0	102.3	49.5	0.0	85.5	38.0	0.0c	0.0c
		22	Pork, not preserved, excl. offal	0.0	57.6	16.4	0.0	46.7	11.5	10.0	10.0
		23	Poultry and game, not preserved, excl. offal	0.0	65.5	22.5	0.0	51.8	18.8	30.8	14.4
		24	Processed meat	0.0	80.0	36.1	0.0	54.0	23.7	0.0e	0.0e
		25	Other meats, not preserved, excl. offal	0.0	33.3	6.8	0.0	0.0	4.9	0.0c	0.0d
		26	Meat substitute	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0d	0.0d
		27	Offals, blood, and their product	0.0	0.0	1.2	0.0	0.0	0.8	0.0d	0.0d
7	Fish and seafood			0.0	122.8	48.8	0.0	113.5	45.0	20.0	20.0
		28	Crustaceans, shellfish, mussels	0.0	69.0	16.6	0.0	55.2	13.4	0.0c	0.0c
		29	Fish, fresh	0.0	68.2	25.0	0.0	67.9	25.5	20.0	20.0
		30	Fish, preserved	0.0	23.5	7.3	0.0	22.5	6.2	0.0c	0.0c
8	Milk, milk products, and their substitutes			21.7	345.8	177.9	24.3	345.6	194.3	311.9	345.6b
		31	Milk, milk-based beverages	0.0	240.8	93.8	0.0	250.0	111.3	240.8b	250.0b
		32	Yogurt and fermented milk	0.0	50.0	16.1	0.0	93.7	27.0	50.0b	92.2
		33	Milk based dessert and substitute	0.0	0.0	1.3	0.0	0.0	1.1	0.0d	0.0d
		34	Cheese and substitutes	3.8	125.8	66.7	3.1	102.6	54.9	21.0	3.4
9	Oils and fats			21.5	68.1	46.0	18.2	56.9	39.0	52.1	30.4
		35	Olive oil	15.3	55.1	36.6	12.6	47.3	31.3	24.0	12.6c
		36	Other vegetable oil	0.0	8.8	3.2	0.0	6.7	2.7	8.8b	5.3
		37	Butter, creams	0.0	14.7	4.9	0.0	12.5	4.0	14.7b	12.5b
		38	Other fats	0.0	4.7	1.3	0.0	3.3	0.9	4.7b	0.0c
10	Sweet products and substitutes			2.7	79.2	36.9	0.0	67.7	31.3	19.6	19.5
		39	Ice cream, popsicle and substitutes	0.0	33.3	11.1	0.0	33.3	8.9	2.2	8.6
		40	Chocolate and substitutes	0.0	7.5	2.4	0.0	6.7	2.1	0.0c	6.7b
		41	Sugar, fructose, honey, and other nutritious sweeteners	0.0	38.3	19.6	0.0	33.8	16.2	17.3	0.0c
		42	Candies, jam, and other sweet products	0.0	10.0	3.3	0.0	13.3	3.6	0.03	4.2
		43	Cacao and cacao-based powder	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.5	0.0d	0.0d
		44	Artificial sweeteners	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0d	0.0d
11	Meal substitute			0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0d	0.0d
		45	Meal substitute	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0d	0.0d
12	Eggs			0.0	59.0	24.3	0.0	48.2	18.8	20.4	29.8
		46	Eggs	0.0	59.0	24.3	0.0	48.2	18.8	20.4	29.8
13	Non-alcoholic beverages			251.2	1435.2	858.9	331.2	1478.4	888.0	1435.2b	1478.4b
		47	Tap water (as such, in beverages or recipes)	0.0	586.7	175.0	0.0	640.0	196.0	586.7b	640.0b
		48	Mineral water	0.0	986.7	478.3	0.0	1040.0	498.3	841.9	836.6
		49	Herbal tea, tea, coffee, and substitutes (decaffeinated)	6.7	266.7	135.4	1.8	271.7	137.9	6.7c	1.8c
		50	Fruit and vegetable juices (without artificial sweetener)	0.0	125.0	32.0	0.0	133.3	31.2	0.0c	0.0c
		51	Other soft drinks	0.0	113.3	38.1	0.0	106.7	24.6	0.0c	0.0c
14	Miscellaneous			0.0	8.0	3.3	0.0	8.0	3.3	0.0c	0.0c
		52	Miscellaneous	0.0	8.0	3.3	0.0	8.0	3.3	0.0c	0.0c
15	Alcoholic beverages			0.0	386.7	161.1	0.0	173.4	56.7	0.0e	0.0e
		53	Regular wine and substitute	0.0	280.1	101.4	0.0	120.1	35.6	0.0e	0.0e
		54	Sweet wine, spumante, wine-based appetizers % liquor	0.0	13.3	4.5	0.0	0.0	2.0	0.0e	0.0e
		55	Beer, cider, and substitute	0.0	166.7	55.1	0.0	66.7	19.1	0.0e	0.0e

^aNon-consumers included;

^bPortion of food at 90th percentile;

^cPortion of food at 5th percentile equal to 0 except for herbal tea, coffee, and substitute;

^dSet to zero since both 5th and 90th percentile are equal to zero:

^eSet to zero in order to avoid the consumption.