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. 2020 May 4;7:48. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00048

Table 3.

Food categories and subcategories of daily portion of the observed and optimized diets by the adult 18–60-year-old male and female populationa.

Categories Subcategories Observed diet (g/day) Optimized diet (g/day)
Males Females Males Females
5th 90th Mean 5th 90th Mean
1 Cereals, cereal products, and substitutes 130.1 438.7 298.8 98.9 345.5 233.2 388.1 298.3
1 Bread and flour 29.6 262.8 150.2 11.9 188.0 103.9 186.7 174.9
2 Pizza 0.0 33.3 9.1 0.0 33.3 7.8 0.0c 0.0c
3 Breakfast cereals 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 7.0 1.9 0.0d 0.0c
4 Pasta with eggs, filled, etc. 0.0 13.5 4.5 0.0 10.8 3.3 13.5b 10.8b
5 Pasta, pasta substitute and flour 16.7 124.7 78.4 12.4 106.1 63.5 124.7b 49.9
6 Rice 0.0 43.5 16.5 0.0 39.5 15.2 21.0 0.0c
7 Biscuits 0.0 42.2 13.8 0.0 35.3 12.6 42.2b 35.3b
8 Cakes and sweet snacks 0.0 54.9 19.7 0.0 50.0 16.2 0.0c 0.0c
9 Savory fine bakery products 0.0 20.0 5.7 0.0 27.4 9.0 0.0c 27.4b
2 Pulses 0.0 38.6 11.3 0.0 36.9 11.2 20.0 36.9b
10 Pulses, fresh or processed 0.0 38.6 11.3 0.0 36.9 11.2 20.0 36.9b
3 Vegetables 75.0 384.2 231.5 71.8 339.3 211.3 306.8 329.3
11 Leafy, fruiting and other vegetables, fresh 35.6 301.1 167.9 37.0 271.9 157.6 248.0 271.9b
12 Roots and onions, fresh 1.1 53.6 19.7 0.3 52.8 19.1 53.6b 52.8b
13 Vegetables, processed 0.0 91.1 41.8 0.0 73.8 32.6 0.0c 0.0c
14 Spices and herbs 0.0 5.2 2.1 0.0 4.7 1.9 5.2b 4.7b
4 Potatoes and tapioca 0.0 135.9 55.0 0.0 119.3 46.6 133.0 116.8
15 Potatoes and potato-based dishes and tapioca, excl. crisps 0.0 133.0 54.2 0.0 117.3 46.1 133.0b 116.8
16 Potatoes crisps 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0d 0.0d
5 Fruit 0.0 390.4 194.6 0.0 399.7 211.6 193.2 170.7
17 Citrus and stone fruits, fresh 0.0 368.3 174.0 0.0 380.0 191.5 183.9 162.3
18 Exotic fruits 0.0 66.7 17.4 0.0 58.3 17.2 0.0c 0.0c
19 Nuts, seeds, dried fruit, olives and their products 0.0 9.3 3.1 0.0 8.4 2.6 9.3b 8.3
20 Fruit canned 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0d 0.0d
6 Meat, meat products, and substitutes 40.8 220.7 132.6 24.4 166.7 97.9 40.8c 24.4c
21 Beef and veal, not preserved, excl. offal 0.0 102.3 49.5 0.0 85.5 38.0 0.0c 0.0c
22 Pork, not preserved, excl. offal 0.0 57.6 16.4 0.0 46.7 11.5 10.0 10.0
23 Poultry and game, not preserved, excl. offal 0.0 65.5 22.5 0.0 51.8 18.8 30.8 14.4
24 Processed meat 0.0 80.0 36.1 0.0 54.0 23.7 0.0e 0.0e
25 Other meats, not preserved, excl. offal 0.0 33.3 6.8 0.0 0.0 4.9 0.0c 0.0d
26 Meat substitute 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0d 0.0d
27 Offals, blood, and their product 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0d 0.0d
7 Fish and seafood 0.0 122.8 48.8 0.0 113.5 45.0 20.0 20.0
28 Crustaceans, shellfish, mussels 0.0 69.0 16.6 0.0 55.2 13.4 0.0c 0.0c
29 Fish, fresh 0.0 68.2 25.0 0.0 67.9 25.5 20.0 20.0
30 Fish, preserved 0.0 23.5 7.3 0.0 22.5 6.2 0.0c 0.0c
8 Milk, milk products, and their substitutes 21.7 345.8 177.9 24.3 345.6 194.3 311.9 345.6b
31 Milk, milk-based beverages 0.0 240.8 93.8 0.0 250.0 111.3 240.8b 250.0b
32 Yogurt and fermented milk 0.0 50.0 16.1 0.0 93.7 27.0 50.0b 92.2
33 Milk based dessert and substitute 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0d 0.0d
34 Cheese and substitutes 3.8 125.8 66.7 3.1 102.6 54.9 21.0 3.4
9 Oils and fats 21.5 68.1 46.0 18.2 56.9 39.0 52.1 30.4
35 Olive oil 15.3 55.1 36.6 12.6 47.3 31.3 24.0 12.6c
36 Other vegetable oil 0.0 8.8 3.2 0.0 6.7 2.7 8.8b 5.3
37 Butter, creams 0.0 14.7 4.9 0.0 12.5 4.0 14.7b 12.5b
38 Other fats 0.0 4.7 1.3 0.0 3.3 0.9 4.7b 0.0c
10 Sweet products and substitutes 2.7 79.2 36.9 0.0 67.7 31.3 19.6 19.5
39 Ice cream, popsicle and substitutes 0.0 33.3 11.1 0.0 33.3 8.9 2.2 8.6
40 Chocolate and substitutes 0.0 7.5 2.4 0.0 6.7 2.1 0.0c 6.7b
41 Sugar, fructose, honey, and other nutritious sweeteners 0.0 38.3 19.6 0.0 33.8 16.2 17.3 0.0c
42 Candies, jam, and other sweet products 0.0 10.0 3.3 0.0 13.3 3.6 0.03 4.2
43 Cacao and cacao-based powder 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0d 0.0d
44 Artificial sweeteners 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0d 0.0d
11 Meal substitute 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0d 0.0d
45 Meal substitute 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0d 0.0d
12 Eggs 0.0 59.0 24.3 0.0 48.2 18.8 20.4 29.8
46 Eggs 0.0 59.0 24.3 0.0 48.2 18.8 20.4 29.8
13 Non-alcoholic beverages 251.2 1435.2 858.9 331.2 1478.4 888.0 1435.2b 1478.4b
47 Tap water (as such, in beverages or recipes) 0.0 586.7 175.0 0.0 640.0 196.0 586.7b 640.0b
48 Mineral water 0.0 986.7 478.3 0.0 1040.0 498.3 841.9 836.6
49 Herbal tea, tea, coffee, and substitutes (decaffeinated) 6.7 266.7 135.4 1.8 271.7 137.9 6.7c 1.8c
50 Fruit and vegetable juices (without artificial sweetener) 0.0 125.0 32.0 0.0 133.3 31.2 0.0c 0.0c
51 Other soft drinks 0.0 113.3 38.1 0.0 106.7 24.6 0.0c 0.0c
14 Miscellaneous 0.0 8.0 3.3 0.0 8.0 3.3 0.0c 0.0c
52 Miscellaneous 0.0 8.0 3.3 0.0 8.0 3.3 0.0c 0.0c
15 Alcoholic beverages 0.0 386.7 161.1 0.0 173.4 56.7 0.0e 0.0e
53 Regular wine and substitute 0.0 280.1 101.4 0.0 120.1 35.6 0.0e 0.0e
54 Sweet wine, spumante, wine-based appetizers % liquor 0.0 13.3 4.5 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0e 0.0e
55 Beer, cider, and substitute 0.0 166.7 55.1 0.0 66.7 19.1 0.0e 0.0e
a

Non-consumers included;

b

Portion of food at 90th percentile;

c

Portion of food at 5th percentile equal to 0 except for herbal tea, coffee, and substitute;

d

Set to zero since both 5th and 90th percentile are equal to zero:

e

Set to zero in order to avoid the consumption.