Table 6.
Rectus femoris/quadriceps injury diagnosis: effectiveness of clinical tests and grading the quality of evidence
| Clinical tests | Likelihood ratio (95% CI) |
Diagnostic effectiveness | ||
| High | Moderate | Low/very low | ||
| MRI used as reference standard | ||||
| Rectus femoris palpation71 | LR+=11.20 (4.85 to 25.86) | Low quality of evidence | ||
| LR−=0 | Moderate quality of evidence | |||
| Resisted hip flexion at 0°71 | LR+=1.45 (0.90 to 2.32) | Moderate quality of evidence | ||
| LR−=0.55 (0.15 to 1.79) | Low quality of evidence | |||
| Resisted hip flexion at 90°71 | LR+=2.47 (1.41 to 4.34) | Moderate quality of evidence | ||
| LR−=0.36 (0.11 to 1.21) | Low quality of evidence | |||
| Resisted hip flexion (modified Thomas test position)71 | LR+=2.36 (1.53 to 3.66) | Moderate quality of evidence | ||
| LR−=0.20 (0.03 to 1.27) | Low quality of evidence | |||
| Resisted knee extension (modified Thomas test position)71 | LR+=4.17 (2.54 to 6.82) | Moderate quality of evidence | ||
| LR−=0 | Moderate quality of evidence | |||
| Passive hip extension (modified Thomas test position)71 | LR+=2.70 (1.50 to 4.86) | Moderate quality of evidence | ||
| LR−=0.35 (0.10 to 1.17) | Low quality of evidence | |||
| Passive knee flexion (modified Thomas test position)71 | LR+=5.47 (2.75 to 10.87) | Low quality of evidence | ||
| LR−=0.15 (0.02 to 0.94) | Low quality of evidence | |||
MRI; the diagnostic effectiveness of the positive (LR+) and negative (LR−) likelihood ratios are classified individually as: very low (LR+: 1 to 2; LR−: 0.5 to 1), low (LR+: >2 to 5; LR−: 0.2 to <0.5), moderate (LR+: >5 to 10; LR−: 0.1 to <0.2); high (LR+: >10; LR−: <0.1).37