TABLE 2.

Analysis of the Association of Circulating Biomarkers With Histologic Parameters of Myocardial Interstitial Fibrosis in Clinical Studies

Biomarkers Related to	Association Confirmed	Association Not Confirmed
Collagen synthesis
PICP	With the extent of collagen deposition
PINP		Demonstrated the absence of association
PIIINP	With the extent of collagen deposition
Collagen degradation
CITP		Inconclusive evidence of association
MMP-1		Demonstrated the absence of association
MMP-2, -3, -8, -9		Associations not explored
TIMP-1		Demonstrated the absence of association
TIMP-4		Association not explored
Collagen composition/organization
CITP: MMP-1 ratio	With the degree of collagen cross-linking
microRNA-21	With the degree of collagen cross-linking
Collagen turnover	With the degree of collagen cross-linking
microRNA-29b, -122, -133a, -499-5p		Associations not explored
Transforming growth factor β		Inconclusive evidence of association
Growth differentiation factor 15		Inconclusive evidence of association
Fibroblast growth factor 23		Association not explored
Connective tissue growth factor		Inconclusive evidence of association
Osteopontin
Osteoglycin		Association not explored
Periostin		Association not explored
Syndecan-1, -4		Association not explored
Injury that triggers fibrosis
Galectin-3		Demonstrated the absence of association
Cardiotrophin-1		Demonstrated the absence of association
Soluble ST2		Association not explored
Midregional pro-ANP		Association not explored
Myostatin		Association not explored

Adapted from López et al. (96), de Jong et al. (97), and Passino et al. (98).

CITP = carboxy-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I; MMP = matrix metalloproteinase; PICP = carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I; PIIINP = amino-terminal propeptide of procollagen type III; PINP = amino-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I; TIMP = tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases.