Table 3.
Logistic Regression Analysis of Factor Associated with Long Term Use of Antidepressants Among Men and Women Separately
| Men | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Univariate Regression | Multivariate Regression | ||||
| OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Age | ||||||
| 0–17 | 1.95 | 0.98–3.78 | 0.47 | 2.22 | 0.98–4.82 | 0.05 |
| 18–39 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| 40-–59 | 1.04 | 0.88–1.22 | 0.66 | 1.00 | 0.83–1.22 | 0.97 |
| 60–79 | 1.33 | 1.13–1.57 | <0.01 | 1.31 | 1.07–1.61 | 0.01 |
| 80+ | 1.26 | 1.02–1.55 | 0.03 | 1.60 | 1.23–2.07 | <0.01 |
| Living Area | ||||||
| Urban | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Rural | 0.92 | 0.82–1.05 | 0.21 | 0.92 | 0.81–1.05 | 0.22 |
| First Antidepressant Prescriber | ||||||
| GP | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Specialist | 1.06 | 0.91–1.22 | 0.47 | 2.69 | 1.77–4.11 | <0.01 |
| Antidepressant Drug – No Polypharmacy | ||||||
| Sertraline | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Paroxetine | 1.05 | 0.77–1.44 | 0.74 | 1.33 | 0.93–1.92 | 0.12 |
| Citalopram | 0.99 | 0.71–1.36 | 0.94 | 1.03 | 0.69–1.53 | 0.88 |
| Trazodone | 0.60 | 0.37–0.95 | 0.03 | 0.59 | 0.31–1.08 | 0.10 |
| Escitalopram | 1.19 | 0.81–1.73 | 0.36 | 1.34 | 0.88–2.04 | 0.17 |
| Amitriptyline | 0.36 | 0.18–0.65 | <0.01 | 0.38 | 0.18–0.74 | 0.01 |
| Venlafaxine | 0.89 | 0.57–1.38 | 0.62 | 1.13 | 0.63–1.96 | 0.67 |
| Duloxetine | 0.63 | 0.29–1.23 | 0.20 | 0.66 | 0.29–1.37 | 0.29 |
| Fluoxetine | 0.95 | 0.47–1.79 | 0.87 | 1.17 | 0.54–2.38 | 0.68 |
| Mirtazapine | 0.91 | 0.43–1.79 | 0.80 | 0.87 | 0.31–2.13 | 0.78 |
| Other | 1.49 | 0.80–2.69 | 0.19 | 1.25 | 0.57–2.56 | 0.56 |
| Polytherapy | 0.59 | 0.20–1.45 | 0.29 | 0.61 | 0.09–2.42 | 0.53 |
| Antidepressant Drug - Polypharmacy | ||||||
| Sertraline | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Paroxetine | 0.77 | 0.62–0.95 | 0.01 | 0.77 | 0.61–0.96 | 0.02 |
| Citalopram | 0.75 | 0.59–0.94 | 0.01 | 0.73 | 0.56–0.93 | 0.01 |
| Trazodone | 0.70 | 0.57–0.87 | <0.01 | 0.77 | 0.60–0.97 | 0.03 |
| Escitalopram | 0.82 | 0.62–1.08 | 0.16 | 0.85 | 0.63–1.14 | 0.28 |
| Amitriptyline | 0.39 | 0.27–0.55 | <0.01 | 0.43 | 0.30–0.61 | <0.01 |
| Venlafaxine | 0.71 | 0.50–1.01 | 0.06 | 0.77 | 0.50–1.16 | 0.21 |
| Duloxetine | 0.46 | 0.31–0.66 | <0.01 | 0.42 | 0.27–0.62 | <0.01 |
| Fluoxetine | 0.68 | 0.40–1.13 | 0.15 | 0.75 | 0.42–1.28 | 0.30 |
| Mirtazapine | 1.23 | 0.78–1.92 | 0.37 | 1.38 | 0.78–2.41 | 0.26 |
| Other | 0.54 | 0.31–0.88 | 0.02 | 0.54 | 0.30–0.94 | 0.04 |
| Polytherapy | 1.85 | 1.18–2.92 | 0.01 | 1.56 | 0.83–2.94 | 0.16 |
| Women | ||||||
| Characteristics | Univariate Regression | Multivariate Regression | ||||
| OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Age | ||||||
| 0–17 | 1.30 | 0.69–2.32 | 0.39 | 2.45 | 1.23–4.74 | 0.01 |
| 18–39 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| 40–59 | 1.45 | 1.28–1.65 | <0.01 | 1.30 | 1.12–1.49 | <0.01 |
| 60–79 | 1.76 | 1.55–2.00 | <0.01 | 1.64 | 1.42–1.90 | <0.01 |
| 80+ | 1.89 | 1.64–2.19 | <0.01 | 2.25 | 1.90–2.67 | <0.01 |
| Living Area | ||||||
| Urban | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Rural | 0.94 | 0.87–1.03 | 0.19 | 0.96 | 0.88–1.05 | 0.36 |
| First Antidepressant Prescriber | ||||||
| GP | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Specialist | 0.79 | 0.71–0.89 | <0.01 | 2.38 | 1.70–3.33 | <0.01 |
| Antidepressant Drug – No Polypharmacy | ||||||
| Sertraline | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Paroxetine | 1.16 | 0.90–1.50 | 0.25 | 1.31 | 0.98–1.75 | 0.07 |
| Citalopram | 1.34 | 1.03–1.73 | 0.03 | 1.42 | 1.05–1.92 | 0.02 |
| Trazodone | 0.79 | 0.54–1.12 | 0.20 | 0.82 | 0.52–1.27 | 0.38 |
| Escitalopram | 1.60 | 1.19–2.15 | <0.01 | 1.66 | 1.20–2.30 | <0.01 |
| Amitriptyline | 0.40 | 0.25–0.62 | <0.01 | 0.40 | 0.23–0.66 | <0.01 |
| Venlafaxine | 1.40 | 0.92–1.99 | 0.06 | 0.96 | 0.57–1.58 | 0.89 |
| Duloxetine | 1.80 | 1.10–2.88 | 0.02 | 2.14 | 1.26–3.59 | <0.01 |
| Fluoxetine | 0.59 | 0.33–0.98 | 0.05 | 0.50 | 0.26–0.90 | 0.03 |
| Mirtazapine | 1.01 | 0.55–1.76 | 0.98 | 1.17 | 0.50–2.48 | 0.70 |
| Other | 0.95 | 0.49–1.75 | 0.88 | 0.65 | 0.26–1.43 | 0.32 |
| Polytherapy | 1.53 | 0.86–2.62 | 0.13 | 2.27 | 0.75–6.45 | 0.13 |
| Antidepressant Drug - Polypharmacy | ||||||
| Sertraline | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Paroxetine | 0.78 | 0.68–0.90 | <0.01 | 0.84 | 0.72–0.98 | 0.02 |
| Citalopram | 0.80 | 0.69–0.92 | <0.01 | 0.81 | 0.69–0.95 | 0.01 |
| Trazodone | 0.80 | 0.69–0.94 | 0.01 | 0.81 | 0.68–0.96 | 0.01 |
| Escitalopram | 1.09 | 0.92–1.29 | 0.34 | 1.15 | 0.96–1.37 | 0.13 |
| Amitriptyline | 0.45 | 0.37–0.55 | <0.01 | 0.48 | 0.39–0.58 | <0.01 |
| Venlafaxine | 0.86 | 0.68–1.08 | 0.20 | 0.77 | 0.58–1.01 | 0.06 |
| Duloxetine | 0.90 | 0.71–1.14 | 0.38 | 0.98 | 0.76–1.26 | 0.88 |
| Fluoxetine | 0.81 | 0.61–1.07 | 0.14 | 0.83 | 0.61–1.13 | 0.24 |
| Mirtazapine | 0.76 | 0.52–1.11 | 0.17 | 0.70 | 0.44–1.07 | 0.11 |
| Other | 0.88 | 0.59–1.30 | 0.53 | 0.80 | 0.51–1.23 | 0.32 |
| Polytherapy | 1.45 | 1.05–1.99 | 0.02 | 1.64 | 1.07–2.54 | 0.02 |
Notes: Specialist: hospital or mental health center physician; Polytherapy: a combination of more than one antidepressant drugs as the initial treatment. Polypharmacy: 5 or more drugs claimed concomitantly.
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval; GP, general practitioner.