Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the PROVIDE infant and mother participants
| Characteristic | Value (SD or %) | Value (SD or %) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infant enrollment visit (0−1 week) | n = 700 | Mother enrollment visit (0−1week)a | n = 700 | |
| Enrollment age, days | 5 (1.7) | Age, year | 24.7 (4.6) | |
| Sex (Male), n (%) | 368 (52.8) | Postpartum BMI, kg/m2 | 21.8 (3.7) | |
| Birth order | 1.9 (0.8) | Height, cm | 150.3 (5.5) | |
| Nuclear family only in dwelling, n (%) | 414 (59.1) | First pregnancy, n (%) | 213 (30.4) | |
| Infant gestational age, weeksb | 37.6 (1.4) | Education | ||
| Infant gestational age ≤ 36 weeks, n (%)b | 123 (32.3) | None, n (%) | 202 (28.9) | |
| Breastfed at birth, n (%) | 662 (94.6) | Primary, n (%) | 263 (37.8) | |
| Home birth, n (%) | 181 (25.9) | Secondary or higher, n (%) | 235 (33.6) | |
| Monthly household expenditure, 1000 s Takac | 11.5 (7.2) | Occupation homemaker (%), n (%) | 601 (85.9) | |
| Infant age at breast milk sample, daysd | 10.4 (6.3) | |||
| Infant visit | 6 weeks (n = 652) | 18 weeks (n = 590) | 52 weeks (n = 605) | 104 weeks (n = 578) |
| Age, days | 44.7 (2.8) | 134.0 (5.2) | 369.0 (6.4) | 737.2 (6.5) |
| Length, cm | 54.1 (1.9) | — | 71.4 (2.7) | 81.7 (3.4) |
| Weight, kg | 4.27 (0.54) | — | 8.2 (1.1) | 10.1 (1.4) |
| LAZ | −0.96 (0.93) | — | −1.48 (1.02) | −1.61 (1.04) |
| Stunted LAZ < −2, n (%) | 81 (12.4) | — | 167 (27.6) | 191 (33.0) |
| WAZ | −1.01 (0.90) | — | −1.18 (1.11) | −1.47 (1.08) |
| Underweight WAZ < −2, n (%) | 85 (13.0) | — | 133 (22.0) | 174 (30.1) |
| WHZ | −0.17 (0.98) | — | −0.61 (1.04) | −0.73 (1.01) |
| Wasted WHZ < −2, n (%) | 14 (13.0) | — | 45 (7.4) | 47 (8.1) |
| ΔLAZ (52/104 weeks−6 weeks) | — | — | −0.51 (0.85) | −0.64 (0.95) |
| ΔWAZ (52/104 weeks−6 weeks) | — | — | −0.18 (0.90) | −0.46 (0.99) |
| ΔWHZ (52/104 weeks−6 weeks) | — | — | −0.46 (1.14) | −0.57 (1.18) |
| Serum zinc, μg/l | 726 (111) | 772 (147) | — | — |
| Zinc deficient (serum zinc < 640 μg/l), n (%) | 139 (22.0) | 91 (15.4) | — | — |
| Serum CRP, mg/l | 1.0 (3.7) | 3.0 (7.7) | — | — |
Continuous data summaries are mean (SD), or categorical n (%) where indicated; — signifies measures not applicable for this analysis
BMI body mass index, LAZ length for age Z score, WAZ weight for age Z score
aMaternal characteristics were collected at infant enrollment (age, postpartum BMI)
bInfant gestational age was measured on a subset of 333 infants in Bangladesh to distinguish fetal growth restriction from prematurity using the Dubowitz-Ballard assessment scale
cDuring the study period 1 USD = approximately 80 Bangladesh Taka
dRange of infant age at breast milk sample was 3–43 days