Table 1.
Baseline characteristics (the year before entry)
| Diabetes and depression group | Comparison group | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 38 537) | (n = 154 148) | ||
| Sex | 15 273 (39.63) | 61 092 (39.63) | NA |
| Age | |||
| 20–44 | 10 395 (26.97) | 41 580 (26.97) | NA |
| 45–64 | 21 434 (55.62) | 85 736 (55.62) | |
| ≧65 | 6708 (17.41) | 26 832 (17.41) | |
| Type of diabetes mellitus | |||
| Type I | 22 (0.06) | 85 (0.06) | 0.885 |
| Type II | 38 515 (99.94) | 154 063 (99.94) | |
| Duration between diagnosis and initiation of antidiabetic drug | |||
| <1 year | 29 120 (75.56) | 127 436 (82.67) | <0.001 |
| ⩾1 year | 9417 (24.44) | 26 712 (17.33) | |
| Types of depression | |||
| Major depressive disorder, recurrent episode | 10 102 (26.21) | NA | |
| Major depressive disorder, single episode | 6149 (15.96) | ||
| Dysthymia | 18 539 (48.11) | ||
| Depressive disorder, not otherwise classified | 3747 (9.72) | ||
| Comorbidity | |||
| Hypertension | 16 363 (42.46) | 62 875 (40.79) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 14 648 (38.01) | 55 222 (35.82) | <0.001 |
| Chronic liver diseases | 2793 (7.25) | 6458 (4.19) | <0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary diseases | 4442 (11.53) | 11 605 (7.53) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol/substance use disorder | 2557 (6.64) | 2353 (1.53) | <0.001 |
| Medication use | |||
| ACEI/ARB | 2214 (5.75) | 8931 (5.79) | 0.714 |
| Beta blocker | 2613 (6.78) | 6535 (4.24) | <0.001 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 2206 (5.72) | 7701 (5.00) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 2008 (5.21) | 5068 (3.29) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering agent | 4486 (11.64) | 15 219 (9.87) | <0.001 |
| NSAID | 5140 (13.34) | 19 863 (12.89) | 0.018 |
ACEI/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.