Table 3.

HRs for diabetes complications and mortality of the diabetes patients with and without depressive disorder, total and stratified by types of depression, gender, age and duration between diagnosis and initiation of pharmacotherapy

	Macro complication aHR (95% CI)	Micro complication aHR (95% CI)	DM-related death aHR (95% CI)	Circulation death aHR (95% CI)	Unnatural death aHR (95% CI)	Suicide aHR (95% CI)	All-cause mortality aHR (95% CI)
All samples	1.35 (1.32–1.37)	0.99 (0.97–1.02)	0.86 (0.77–0.95)	0.96 (0.88–1.06)	2.59 (2.30–2.91)	5.64 (4.70–6.77)	1.08 (1.04–1.12)
Types of depression
MDD, recurrent	1.44 (1.39–1.50)	1.04 (0.99–1.09)	1.08 (0.87–1.33)	1.07 (0.88–1.30)	4.52 (3.64–5.63)	12.00 (8.31–17.31)	1.19 (1.11–1.28)
MDD, single	1.38 (1.31–1.45)	1.01 (0.95–1.07)	0.99 (0.75–1.30)	1.07 (0.85–1.35)	3.10 (2.31–4.16)	6.90 (4.43–10.73)	1.18 (1.09–1.28)
Dysthymia	1.31 (1.27–1.35)	0.97 (0.93–1.00)	0.71 (0.61–0.84)	0.91 (0.79–1.04)	1.89 (1.58–2.27)	3.26 (2.49–4.27)	1.01 (0.96–1.06)
Depressive disorder, NOS	1.25 (1.17–1.34)	0.97 (0.90–1.05)	0.92 (0.66–1.29)	0.85 (0.63–1.15)	1.29 (0.82–2.02)	4.80 (2.31–9.94)	1.03 (0.92–1.14)
Sex
Male	1.30 (1.26–1.34)	0.99 (0.96–1.03)	0.87 (0.75–1.02)	0.94 (0.82–1.07)	2.24 (1.92–2.62)	4.76 (3.77–6.00)	1.06 (1.01–1.11)
Female	1.38 (1.34–1.42)	0.99 (0.96–1.02)	0.85 (0.73–0.99)	1.00 (0.87–1.14)	3.23 (2.67–3.90)	7.38 (5.48–9.95)	1.11 (1.06–1.17)
Sex × depression interaction	p-Value = 0.0017	p-Value = 0.9997	p-Value = 0.7069	p-Value = 0.4888	p-Value = 0.0015	p-Value = 0.0118	p-Value = 0.1745
Age
20–44	1.51 (1.44–1.59)	1.06 (1.01–1.11)	1.22 (0.92–1.61)	1.34 (1.00–1.81)	4.00 (3.15–5.08)	8.92 (6.19–12.85)	1.35 (1.23–1.48)
45–64	1.35 (1.31–1.39)	0.98 (0.95–1.01)	0.83 (0.70–0.99)	0.92 (0.78–1.08)	2.75 (2.33–3.25)	5.29 (4.13–6.79)	1.09 (1.03–1.15)
⩾65	1.24 (1.19–1.29)	0.96 (0.91–1.01)	0.76 (0.64–0.90)	0.93 (0.81–1.05)	1.35 (1.04–1.76)	3.33 (2.20–5.05)	0.97 (0.92–1.02)
Age × depression interaction (45–64 v. 20–44) (⩾65 v. 20–44)	p-Value <0.0001 p-Value <0.0001	p-Value = 0.0003 p-Value = 0.0005	p-Value = 0.0002 p-Value <0.0001	p-Value = 0.0181 p-Value = 0.0079	p-Value = 0.0017 p-Value <0.0001	p-Value = 0.0070 p-Value = 0.0003	p-Value <0.0001 p-Value <0.0001
Duration between diagnosis and initiation of pharmacotherapy
<1 year	1.34 (1.31–1.37)	0.97 (0.95–1.00)	0.81 (0.72–0.92)	0.92 (0.83–1.03)	0.92 (0.83–1.03)	5.45 (4.48–6.62)	1.05 (1.01–1.09)
≧1 year	1.36 (1.30–1.42)	1.06 (1.01–1.12)	1.07 (0.84–1.36)	1.16 (0.94–1.45)	1.16 (0.94–1.45)	7.06 (4.22–11.79)	1.20 (1.11–1.29)
Duration × depression interaction	p-Value = 0.7812	p-Value = 0.0013	p-Value = 0.0218	p-Value = 0.0839	p-Value = 0.5794	p-Value = 0.4134	p-Value = 0.0046

MDD, major depressive disorder; NOS, not otherwise specified.