Fig. 3.

Causal estimates. Causal and observational risk estimates of Alzheimer's disease for type-2 diabetes. Causal risk was estimated using summary risk estimates from IGAP on genetic variants tested in DIAGRAM using conventional inverse variance weighted Mendelian randomisation analysis, Egger-Mendelian randomisation (MR-Egger), weighted median Mendelian randomisation and modal-based Mendelian randomisation for each of the five genetic instruments. Where needed the MR-Egger SIMEX estimation is used because of NOME bias (see online Supplementary Fig. 3). NOME = NO measurement error; SIMEX = SIMulation EXtrapolation method. Abbreviations for consortia are explained in the ‘Method’ section.