TABLE 1.
Descriptive Statistics (N = 51,059), Clustered by School (N = 1,183).
| Variables | Description | N | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. |
| Dependent Variables | ||||||
| Hacking Behavior | 0.092 | 0.346 | 0 | 2 | ||
| 0 = Did not hack | 27,325 | |||||
| 1 = Hacked/not detected | 2,790 | |||||
| 2 = Hacked/detected | 943 | |||||
| Opportunity Characteristics | ||||||
| Own Computer | 0.854 | 0.351 | 0 | 1 | ||
| 0 = No | 7,478 | |||||
| 1 = Yes | 43,581 | |||||
| Own Mobile | 0.896 | 0.303 | 0 | 1 | ||
| 0 = No | 5,310 | |||||
| 1 = Yes | 45,749 | |||||
| Own Room | 0.754 | 0.429 | 0 | 1 | ||
| 0 = No | 12,535 | |||||
| 1 = Yes | 38,524 | |||||
| Engagement Characteristics | ||||||
| Technology Use | 4.184 | 1.363 | 1 | 6 | ||
| 1 = None | 1,358 | |||||
| 2 = 1/2 h | 4,270 | |||||
| 3 = 1 h | 10,993 | |||||
| 4 = 2 h | 13,236 | |||||
| 5 = 3 h | 9,401 | |||||
| 6 = 4 h + | 11,801 | |||||
| Piracy | 0.490 | 0.499 | 0 | 1 | ||
| 0 = No | 26,042 | |||||
| 1 = Yes | 25,017 | |||||
| Contextual Characteristics | ||||||
| Self-Control | 12-item additive index, α = 0.83 | 60.674 | 20.252 | 0 | 100 | |
| Family Bond | 4-item additive index, α = 0.55 | 80.636 | 17.0566 | 0 | 100 | |
| Time Peers | 4.212 | 1.653 | 1 | 6 | ||
| 1 = None | 5,011 | |||||
| 2 = 1/2 h | 3,893 | |||||
| 3 = 1 h | 7,651 | |||||
| 4 = 2 h | 9,451 | |||||
| 5 = 3 h | 8,793 | |||||
| 6 = 4 h + | 16,260 | |||||
| Parental Supervision | 2.556 | 0.590 | 1 | 3 | ||
| 1 = Never | 2,622 | |||||
| 2 = Sometimes | 17,428 | |||||
| 3 = Always | 31,009 | |||||
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Age | 1.089 | 0.272 | 0 | 3 | ||
| 0 = Less than 12 | 49 | |||||
| 1 = 12 to 15 | 47,161 | |||||
| 2 = 16–17 | 3,655 | |||||
| 3 = 18 and older | 102 | |||||
| Gender | 0.489 | 0.499 | 0 | 1 | ||
| 0 = Female | 26,111 | |||||
| 1 = Male | 24,948 | |||||
| Car Ownership | 0.874 | 0.330 | 0 | 1 | ||
| 0 = No | 6,451 | |||||
| 1 = Yes | 44,608 | |||||
| Small City | 0.268 | 0.443 | 0 | 1 | ||
| 0 = Larger than 100,000 | 37,375 | |||||
| 1 = Smaller than 100,000 | 13,684 |