TABLE 3.
Smartphone use motivations and attitudes scales.
| Title | Abbrev. | Author(s) | Items | Item format | Item scale | Content domains | Internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) | Temporal stability (Test-Retest) | Sample/Norms (Age: M, SD) | Purported construct | Criterion-Related validity |
| Attitudes Toward Cell Phones Questionnaire | ATCPQ | Aoki and Downes (2003) | 40 | Likert scale | 1–7 | Necessity in Modern Times; Cost Efficiency; Safety/Security; Dependency; Negatives; Functionality | 0.81 | N/A | 137 undergraduate students (Unreported) | Attitudes toward phones | Unreported |
| Mobile Phone Usage Scale | MPUS | Hooper and Zhou (2007) | 30 | Likert scale | 1–5 | Behaviors: Habitual; Addictive; Mandatory; Voluntary; Dependent; Compulsive | 0.53–0.88 | N/A | 184 undergraduate students (Unreported) | Motivations of usage | Existing measurement scale for problematic phone use |
| Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale | MTUAS | Rosen et al. (2013) | 60 | Likert scale | 1–5 | Smartphone usage; Social media usage; Internet searching; E-mailing; Media sharing; Text messaging; Video gaming; Online friendships; Facebook friendships; Phone calling; Watching TV; Positive/Negative attitudes; Tech anxiety/dependence; Attitudes toward task-switching | 0.61–0.97 | N/A | 942 United States adults (30.0 ± 12.5) | Involvement | Internet addiction; Technology-related anxiety; Daily media usage hours |
| Gravitating Toward Mobile Phone Scale | GoToMP | Olufadi (2015) | 38 | Likert scale | 1–4 | Boredom; Social connection; Class-related use; Emergency; Addiction; Perceived behavioral control | 0.94 | N/A | 432 Nigerian undergraduate students (21.1 ± 2.1) | Urge to use during lectures | Theory of Consumption Values (TCV; Sheth et al., 1991) |
| Process vs Social Smartphone Usage Scale | PSSU | van Deursen et al. (2015) | 12 | Likert scale | 1–5 | Process usage motivations; Social usage motivations | 0.89 | N/A | 386 Dutch adolescents and adults (35.2 ± 14.7) | Motivations | Perceived gratification items (Chua et al., 2012); Uses and Gratification (U and G) Theory (Ruggiero, 2000) |
| Mobile Phone Affinity Scale | MPAS | Bock et al. (2016) | 24 | Likert scale | 1–5 | Connectedness; Productivity; Empowerment; Anxious attachment; Addiction; Continuous Use | 0.83 | N/A | 1058 North American adults (32.5 ± 10.3) | Affinity | Anxiety and impulsiveness; Psychological resilience |