Table 2. Descriptive statistics and comparisons of standard semen parameters and SDF levels between study groups.
| Parameters | Men with ≥4% morphologically normal sperm cells (N=227) | Men with <4% morphologically normal sperm cells <4% (N=296) |
|---|---|---|
| Semen volume (mL) | 227, 3.50 (0.50–11.50), 3.96±1.78 | 296, 3.00 (0.75–10.00)*, 3.45±1.67 |
| Sperm concentration (×106/mL) | 227, 28.60 (0.80–251.00), 37.19±31.18 | 296, 12.90 (0.05–147.50)**, 19.77±21.30 |
| Total number of spermatozoa in ejaculate (×106) | 227, 100.00 (0.40–672.00), 135.48±107.46 | 296, 42.63 (0.25–475.00)**, 62.28±66.80 |
| Progressive motility (%) | 227, 66.00 (2.00–89.00), 64.48±13.44 | 296, 39.50 (0.00–81.00)**, 36.69±19.15 |
| Non-progressive motility (%) | 227, 7.00 (0.00–23.00), 7.73±4.12 | 296, 5.00 (0.00–29.00)**, 6.19±4.37 |
| Total motility (progressive and non-progressive) (%) | 227, 74.00 (6.00–92.00), 72.20±12.93 | 296, 46.00 (0.00–87.00)**, 42.87±19.69 |
| Immotile spermatozoa (%) | 227, 26.00 (8.00–94.00), 27.75±12.93 | 296, 54.00 (13.00–100.00)**, 57.13±19.69 |
| Eosine-negative spermatozoa: live cells (%) | 227, 83.00 (12.00–96.00), 81.21±10.51 | 296, 70.00 (0.00–96.00)**, 65.67±19.06 |
| Hos-test-positive spermatozoa: live cells (%) | 226, 83.00 (14.00–94.00), 80.78±9.81 | 252, 69.50 (0.00–90.00)**, 63.67±18.84 |
| Morphologically normal spermatozoa (%) | 227, 6.00 (4.00–13.00)6.38±2.15 | 296, 1.00 (0.00–3.00)**, 0.98±1.08 |
| TZI | 227, 1.45 (1.17–1.92), 1.46±0.11 | 296, 1.62 (1.20–2.35)**, 1.67±0.22 |
| Head defects (%) | 227, 90.00 (74.00–95.00), 88.93±3.90 | 296, 97.00 (83.00–100.00)**, 96.13±3.33 |
| Neck and midpiece defects (%) | 227, 29.00 (15.00–59.00), 29.40±7.60 | 296, 37.00 (9.00–84.00)**, 39.39±13.16 |
| Tail defects (%) | 227, 16.00 (0.00–52.00), 16.58±6.81 | 296, 23.00 (4.00–74.00)**, 25.63±12.07 |
| Spermatozoa with excess residual cytoplasm (%) | 227, 0.00 (0.00–12.00), 1.41±1.98 | 295, 3.00 (0.00–60.00)**, 4.21±5.81 |
| SDF (%) | 227, 13.00 (2.00–63.00), 15.50±8.65 | 296, 22.00 (5.00–89.00)**, 25.97±14.53 |
Data are expressed as number of subjects, median (range) and mean ± SD. *, significant difference with group of men with normal sperm morphology at P=0.0002; **, highly significant difference with group of men with normal sperm morphology at P<0.00001 (Mann-Whitney U-test). N, number of subjects; SD, standard deviation; SDF, sperm DNA fragmentation; TZI, teratozoospermia index.