Table 2.

Other mycotoxins and their toxicity

Unregulated mycotoxins	Source	Toxicity	References
Alternaria Mycotoxins (altenuene, alternariol, alternariol Monomethyl ether, Altertoxin I, altertoxin II	Alternaria alternata, A. dauci, A. cucumerina, A. solani, A. tenuissima, A. citri	Teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, cytotoxic effects.	Pedras, Zaharia, and Ward (2002)
Tremorgenic mycotoxins (penitrems, janthitrems, lolitrems, aflatrem)	Penicillium roquefortii, P. crustosum, P. puberrelum, Aspergillus clavatus, A. fumigatus	Gastroenteritis, neurotoxicity, clinically affected dogs present with cute abdominal pain, muscle tremors and fasciculation, ptyalism, vomiting, fever, tachycardia, hyperesthesia, and seizures.	Hocking, Holds, and Tobin (1988)
Sterigmatocystin	Aspergillus nidulans, A. versicolor, A. flavus	The toxic effects of sterigmatocystin are much the same as those of AFsAFB1.	Holzapfel, Purchase, Steyn, and Gouws (1966)
Sporidesmins	Pithomyces chartarum	Facial eczema in ruminants.	Munday (1985)
Stachybotryotoxins	Strachybotrys chartarum	Pulmonary hemorrhage, inhalation or contact exposure in human beings responsible for production losses in affected animals.	Etzel et al. (1998)
Phomopsins	Phomopsis leptostromiformis	Inhibition of important cellular functions such as spindle formation during mitosis and the intracellular transport of lipids. Distortions of cell nucleus shape plus apparent disruptions to membrane systems within the cell.	Battilani et al. (2011)