. 2020 May 11;3(5):e204514. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4514

Table 2. Opioid Prescribing Rates and Amounts Associated With Chronic Noncancer Pain Indications Among Patients in the US, by Indication, Insurance Type, and History of Opioid Use, 2017^a.

Indication	Patients with Rx, No. (%) [95% CI]	No. of Rx		No. of days’ supply		Daily dosage, MME
Indication	Patients with Rx, No. (%) [95% CI]	Mean (95% CI)	Median (IQR)	Mean (95% CI)	Median (IQR)	Mean (95% CI)	Median (IQR)
Chronic nonradicular back pain
Privately insured^b
No LTOT^c	113 112 (19.8) [19.7-19.9]	1.7 (1.7-1.7)	1 (1-2)	29.8 (29.6-30.0)	24 (8-35)	29.5 (29.4-29.7)	22.5 (15.0-37.5)
LTOT	103 270 (87.7) [87.5-87.8]	2.9 (2.9-2.9)	2 (1-4)	80.2 (79.9-80.6)	60 (30-107)	56.2 (55.8-56.5)	40.0 (27.5-62.0)
Medicaid^d
No LTOT	60 580 (32.6) [32.4-32.8]	1.9 (1.9-1.9)	1 (1-2)	30.7 (30.4-31.0)	20 (5-44)	28.6 (28.4-28.8)	22.5 (16.7-33.6)
LTOT	61 751 (90.4) [90.1-90.6]	2.8 (2.8-2.8)	2 (1-4)	74.0 (73.6-74.3)	60 (30-90)	47.7 (47.0-48.3)	37.5 (22.5-60.0)
Chronic radicular back pain
Privately insured
No LTOT	34 582 (28.3) [28.0-28.5]	1.8 (1.8-1.8)	1 (1-2)	34.9 (34.6-35.3)	30 (12-49)	30.2 (29.9-30.4)	22.5 (15.0-37.5)
LTOT	40 511 (87.5) [87.2-87.8]	2.9 (2.8-2.9)	2 (1-4)	80.5 (79.9-81.0)	60 (30-110)	58.5 (58.0-59.0)	45.0 (30.0-67.5)
Medicaid
No LTOT	15 727 (44.0) [43.5-44.5]	2.0 (2.0-2.0)	2 (1-3)	36.6 (36.0-37.1)	30 (10-60)	28.7 (28.4-29.1)	22.5 (16.6-33.8)
LTOT	20 808 (88.2) [87.8-88.7]	2.7 (2.6-2.7)	2 (1-3)	71.8 (71.2-72.5)	60 (30-90)	47.5 (46.9-48.0)	37.5 (22.5-60.0)
Chronic neck pain
Privately insured
No LTOT	33 233 (15.8) [15.7-16.0]	1.7 (1.7-1.7)	1 (1-2)	29.9 (29.6-30.2)	23 (8-35)	30.6 (30.3-30.8)	25.0 (16.1-37.5)
LTOT	35 645 (87.3) [87.0-87.6]	2.9 (2.9-2.9)	2 (1-4)	81.3 (80.8-81.9)	60 (30-112)	59.4 (58.9-60.0)	44.4 (30.0-69.4)
Medicaid
No LTOT	17 103 (31.1) [30.7-31.5]	1.9 (1.9-1.9)	1 (1-2)	32.3 (31.8-32.8)	24 (6-46)	28.8 (28.5-29.1)	22.5 (16.7-33.8)
LTOT	20 435 (88.4) [88.0-88.8]	2.7 (2.6-2.7)	2 (1-3)	71.1 (70.5-71.8)	60 (30-90)	48.4 (47.9-49.0)	40.0 (22.5-60.0)
Fibromyalgia
Privately insured
No LTOT	6489 (23.5) [23.0-24.0]	1.5 (1.5-1.5)	1 (1-2)	33.5 (32.8-34.2)	30 (15-35)	29.5 (28.8-30.1)	22.0 (15.0-36.0)
LTOT	9714 (77.9) [77.2-78.6]	2.4 (2.3-2.4)	2 (1-3)	67.2 (66.2-68.2)	60 (30-90)	56.3 (55.3-57.4)	40.0 (24.0-63.3)
Medicaid
No LTOT	4239 (28.9) [28.2-29.7]	1.7 (1.7-1.7)	1 (1-2)	30.1 (29.2-31.0)	28 (7-35)	27.7 (27.1-28.3)	22.5 (15.0-33.3)
LTOT	5877 (81.7) [80.8-82.6]	2.3 (2.2-2.3)	2 (1-3)	61.8 (60.6-63.0)	58 (30-84)	44.2 (43.2-45.2)	30.0 (20.0-52.5)
Inflammatory joint disorder
Privately insured
No LTOT	90 261 (19.6) [19.5-19.7]	1.5 (1.5-1.5)	1 (1-2)	22.8 (22.7-23.0)	15 (7-30)	31.7 (31.6-31.9)	25.0 (17.5-40.0)
LTOT	56 676 (82.1) [81.8-82.4]	2.5 (2.5-2.5)	2 (1-3)	68.5 (68.1-68.9)	60 (30-90)	53.5 (53.1-53.9)	40.0 (24.6-60.0)
Medicaid
No LTOT	46 566 (29.6) [29.4-29.8]	1.8 (1.8-1.8)	1 (1-2)	23.1 (22.9-23.4)	13 (5-30)	29.0 (28.8-29.2)	23.4 (17.5-33.8)
LTOT	34 096) (85.3) [84.9-85.6]	2.5 (2.4-2.5)	2 (1-3)	63.3 (62.8-63.7)	60 (30-90)	45.6 (45.1-46.1)	33.8 (22.5-58.1)
Irritable bowel syndrome
Privately insured
No LTOT	1524 (6.5) [6.2-6.8]	1.2 (1.2-1.3)	1 (1-1)	21.0 (20.0-21.9)	15 (6-30)	29.3 (28.1-30.4)	22.5 (15.0-37.5)
LTOT	1090 (63.4) [61.1-65.6]	1.8 (1.7-1.8)	1 (1-2)	48.1 (46.2-50.1)	30 (30-60)	48.3 (45.4-51.1)	34.5 (20.0-60.0)
Medicaid
No LTOT	948 (13.4) [12.6-14.2]	1.4 (1.3-1.5)	1 (1-2)	16.8 (15.6-18.0)	10 (4-30)	29.1 (27.8-30.4)	22.5 (16.7-33.8)
LTOT	639 (66.4) [63.4-69.3]	1.7 (1.6-1.8)	1 (1-2)	44.2 (42.1-46.4)	30 (30-60)	40.4 (37.6-43.1)	30.0 (20.0-45.0)
Nonmigraine headaches
Privately insured
No LTOT	7826 (11.6) [11.4-11.9]	1.4 (1.4-1.4)	1 (1-1)	18.5 (18.0-18.9)	10 (5-30)	28.7 (28.2-29.2)	22.5 (16.3-33.8)
LTOT	5434 (75.0) [74.0-76.0]	2.1 (2.1-2.2)	2 (1-3)	56.4 (55.2-57.5)	35 (30-60)	52.6 (51.2-53.9)	40.0 (22.5-60.0)
Medicaid
No LTOT	9255 (13.9) [13.6-14.1]	1.5 (1.4-1.5)	1 (1-2)	13.5 (13.1-13.8)	6 (3-16)	28.1 (27.7-28.5)	24.0 (18.0-33.3)
LTOT	4301 (74.1) [73.0-75.2]	1.9 (1.9-1.9)	1 (1-2)	45.8 (44.8-46.8)	30 (30-60)	43.9 (42.7-45.1)	30.0 (20.0-55.0)
Osteoarthritis or joint cartilage conditions
Privately insured
No LTOT	65 305 (18.8) [18.6-18.9]	1.4 (1.4-1.4)	1 (1-2)	23.6 (23.4-23.8)	17 (8-30)	31.6 (31.4-31.8)	25.0 (15.0-40.0)
LTOT	43 065 (77.6) [77.2-77.9]	2.2 (2.2-2.2)	2 (1-3)	60.1 (59.7-60.5)	53 (30-84)	49.1 (48.6-49.5)	37.5 (21.6-60.0)
Medicaid
No LTOT	18 784 (33.2) [32.9-33.6]	1.7 (1.7-1.8)	1 (1-2)	27.1 (26.7-27.5)	20 (7-30)	30.2 (29.9-30.6)	23.4 (15.8-37.5)
LTOT	19 345 (83.1) [82.6-83.6]	2.3 (2.3-2.4)	2 (1-3)	60.9 (60.3-61.5)	56 (30-90)	44.5 (43.9-45.1)	33.8 (22.5-54.0)
Periarticular or soft-tissue disorders
Privately insured
No LTOT	27 773 (16.4) [16.2-16.6]	1.4 (1.4-1.4)	1 (1-2)	17.4 (17.2-17.6)	10 (5-26)	37.8 (37.5-38.1)	30.0 (20.0-50.0)
LTOT	12 683 (74.9) [74.3-75.6]	2.2 (2.2-2.2)	2 (1-3)	59.5 (58.7-60.2)	50 (30-75)	51.8 (51.0-52.7)	40.0 (22.5-60.0)
Medicaid
No LTOT	9785 (28.3) [27.8-28.8]	1.7 (1.7-1.7)	1 (1-2)	19.9 (19.5-20.3)	12 (5-30)	32.4 (32.0-32.8)	27.8 (18.8-40.0)
LTOT	6254 (78.0) [77.1-78.9]	2.1 (2.0-2.1)	2 (1-3)	51.3 (50.5-52.2)	33 (30-60)	43.4 (42.3-44.4)	31.3 (21.3-52.5)

Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; LTOT, long-term opioid therapy; MME, morphine milligram equivalents¹⁶; Rx, prescriptions.

^{^a}

Reported outcome data (prescribing rate, MME, days’ supply, and number of Rx) are anchored to patients, reflecting all Rx supplied to a patient for visits related to that indication during the 3 months following the index diagnosis.

^{^b}

Data from the OptumLabs Data Warehouse, 2017.

^{^c}

Patients whose Rx do not meet LTOT criteria.

^{^d}

Data from the MarketScan Multi-State Medicaid Database, from quarter 4 2016 to quarter 3 2017.

Table 2. Opioid Prescribing Rates and Amounts Associated With Chronic Noncancer Pain Indications Among Patients in the US, by Indication, Insurance Type, and History of Opioid Use, 2017a.

Table 2. Opioid Prescribing Rates and Amounts Associated With Chronic Noncancer Pain Indications Among Patients in the US, by Indication, Insurance Type, and History of Opioid Use, 2017^a.