Table 1.
Literature survey on the effect of aging and low fertility on environmental quality.
| Effect | Literatures | Effect of Aging and Low Fertility on Environmental Quality |
|---|---|---|
| Direct effect | [4] Liddle (2011) | Aging reduces CO2 emissions |
| [5] Liddle and Lung (2010) | Aging reduces CO2 emissions | |
| [18] Menz and Kuhling (2011) | Young-age reduce SO2 & Old-age increase SO2 | |
| [19] Menz and Welsch (2012) | Young and old-age increase CO2 | |
| [20] Okada (2012) | Inverted U-shape between age distribution and CO2 | |
| Indirect effect | [17] Dalton et al. (2008) | Aging reduces labor supply |
| [21] Aksoy et al. (2019) | Aging and low fertility reduce output growth, investment and real interest rates | |
| [22] Kim and Lee (2007) | Aging lowers saving rates | |
| [23] Shirbekk (2004) | Aging reduces labor productivity | |
| [24] Jo et al. (2019) | Aging reduces labor supply, productivity, and investment & Aging increases inflation rate |