Table 2.

Long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs involved in lung cancer initiation and progression.

LncRNA and circRNA	Lung Cancer Subtype	Downstream Direct Targets	Hallmark	Initiation (I)/Progression (P)	References
Upregulated LncRNAs
HOTAIR	NSCLC	N.A.	Enrichment of TICs	I	[88]
SBF2-AS1	NSCLC/SCLC	SUZ12, EZH2	Promotion of Tumor Cell Proliferation	P	[112]
LINC00312	LUAD	YBX1	Promotion of Vasculogenic Mimicry and Metastasis	P	[113]
MEG3	NSCLC	JARID2	Promotion of TGFβ-induced EMT	I and P	[114]
HOXA-AS3	LUAD, LUSC	HOXA3	Promotion of Drug Resistance to Platinum-based Chemotherapy	P	[115]
SOX2OT	LUSC	N.A.	Promotion of Tumor Cell Proliferation	P	[116]
H19	NSCLC	miR-107	Promotion of Tumor Cell Proliferation	P	[117]
ANRIL	NSCLC	EZH2	Promotion of Tumor Cell Proliferation and Metastasis	P	[118]
CAR10	LUAD	miR-30, miR-203	Promotion of Metastasis	P	[119]
MALAT1	NSCLC	miR-204	Promotion of Metastasis	P	[120]
PVT1	NSCLC	miR-195	Promotion of Resistance to Radiotherapy	P	[121]
BC087858	NSCLC	N.A.	Promotion of Drug Resistance to EGFR TKI gefitinib	P	[122]
Downregulated LncRNAs
LINC01186	NSCLC	N.A.	Inhibition of TGFβ-induced EMT	P	[123,124]
LincRNA-p21	LUAD	N.A.	Promotion of Hypoxia-induced Angiogenesis	P	[125]
HOTAIRM1	LUAD	HOXA1	Inhibition of Evasion of Hosts Immune Response	P	[126]
PANDAR	NSCLC	NF-YA	Inhibition of Tumor Cell Proliferation	P	[127]
MIR22HG	NSCLC	YBX1	Inhibition of Tumor Cell Proliferation	P	[128]
GAS5	NSCLC	N.A.	Inhibition of Tumor Cell Proliferation, Activation of Tumor Suppressors	I/P	[129]
GAS5	NSCLC	IGF-1R	Promotion of Apoptosis, Inhibition of Drug Resistance to EGFR TKI gefitinib	P	[130]
Upregulated circRNAs
circFGFR1	NSCLC	miR-381-3p	Promotion of Progression and Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors	P	[131,132]
circ_0020123	NSCLC	miR-144	Promotion of Tumor Cell Proliferation	P	[133]
circTP63	LUSC	miR-873-3p	Promotion of Tumor Cell Proliferation	P	[134]
circPRKCI	LUAD	miR-545, miR-589	Promotion of Tumor Cell Proliferation, Promotion of Drug Resistance to EGFR TKI gefitinib	P	[135]
circ_0000064	NSCLC	N.A.	Promotion of Tumor Cell Proliferation and Metastasis, Inhibition of Cell Apoptosis	P	[136]
F-circEA	NSCLC	N.A.	Promotion of Metastasis	P	[137]
circ_0067934	NSCLC	N.A.	Promotion of EMT and Metastasis	P	[138]
CDR1as	NSCLC	miR-7	Activation of Oncogene, Inhibition of Apoptosis	P	[139]
circ_103809	NSCLC	miR-4302	Activation of Oncogene	P	[140]
Downregulated circRNAs
cir-ITCH	NSCLC	miR-7, miR-214	Inhibition of Tumor Cell Proliferation	P	[141]
circ_100395	NSCLC	miR-1228	Inhibition of Tumor Cell Proliferation and Metastasis	P	[142]
circ_0033155	NSCLC	PTEN	Inhibition of Tumor Cell Proliferation and Metastasis	P	[143]
circRNF13	NSCLC	miR-93-5p	Inhibition of Metastasis	P	[144]

Abbreviations: antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL), BCL-2-like protein 4 (BAX), chromatin-associated RNA 10 (CAR10), enhance of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2), growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5), homeobox A1 (HOXA1), HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR), HOXA transcript antisense RNA, myeloid-specific 1 (HOTAIRM1), HOXA cluster antisense RNA 3 (HOXA-AS3), insulin like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R), homeobox A3 (HOXA3), Jumonji and at-rich interaction domain containing 2 (JARID2), lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1), maternally expressed 3 (MEG3), nuclear transcription factor Y, alpha (NF-YA), non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), promoter of CDKN1 antisense DNA damage-activated RNA (PANDAR), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1), small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), SOX2 overlapping transcript (SOX2OT), SUZ12 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (SUZ12), Y-Box binding protein 1 (YBX1), not available, (N.A.).