Table 1.

HMGB1 as a drug target in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Sr. No.	Author/Year	Study Type (Animal Models)	HMGB1 Inhibitor (ip/ICV)	Dose	Key Results
1	An et al. 2018 [34]	Rat Endovascular perforation model	AG 490	5 mM in 2 mL DMSO, ICV 30 min before SAH	Reduced apoptosis, edema, improved neurological score
2	Ieong et al. 2018 [33]	Rat Pre-chiasmatic hemorrhage model	Glycyrrhizin	15 mg/Kg after SAH, 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, ip	Reduced apoptosis, edema, improved neurological score
3	Li et al. 2017 [32]	Rat SAH model Double hemorrhage	Glycyrrhizic acid	10 mg/Kg OD for 3 days, ip	Improved neurologic function, prevented CVS and inflammatory cytokines expression
4	Zhang et al. 2016 [30]	Pre-chiasmatic hemorrhage model	Resveratrol	60 mg/Kg in 1% DMSO 2 h and 12 h after SAH, ip	Reduced apoptosis, edema, neurological impairment
5	Chang et al. 2015 [28]	Rat SAH model Double hemorrhage	4OGOMV	100/200/400 µg/Kg/day starting 1 h post SAH for 7 days through mini osmotic pump	Improved CVS, neurological deficits, reduced expression of inflammatory mediators and neuronal apoptosis
6	Haruma et al. 2016 [38]	Rat SAH model Single hemorrhage	Anti-HMGB1 Antibody	mAb (IgG2a) 1 mg/Kg twice with 24 h interval, iv	Improved CVS, neurological deficits, reduced expression of inflammatory mediators and receptors for vasospastic mediators
7	Chang et al. 2016 [29]	Rat SAH model Double hemorrhage	Rhinacanthin	100/200/400 µmol/Kg/day orally in corn oil starting at 1 h after SAH	Reduced apoptosis, improved CVS, neurological deficits, reduced inflammatory mediator expression
8	Chang et al. 2014 [27]	Rat SAH model Double hemorrhage	Purpurogallin	100/200/400 µg/Kg/day starting 1 h after SAH through mini osmotic pumps for 5 days	Reduced CVS, inflammatory mediators expression and improved neurological deficits
9	Wang et al. 2019 [39]	Rat Endovascular perforation model	Anti-HMGB1 Antibody	mAb 1 mg/Kg twice with a 24 h interval after SAH, iv	Reduced CVS, VSMCs phenotype switching & remodelling, brain edema, apoptosis, neurological deficits
10	Chen et al. 2018 [35]	Rat Endovascular perforation model	GSK 872	6 µL of 25 mM GSK 872 in 1% DMSO after 30 min of SAH, ICV	Reduced brain edema, improved neurological scores and reduced neuronal necroptosis
11	Xiong et al., 2020 [36]	Rat Endovascular perforation model	BMSCs derived exosomes	1 h after SAH, 200 µg of MSCs-Exo and PBS to final volume of 200 µL, iv	Reduced neurological deficits, brain edema, BBB permeability, mortality, apoptosis and inflammation

ip: intraperitoneal; ICV: intracerebroventricular; iv: intravenously; BMSCs: bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells; BBB: blood–brain barrier; DMSO: dimethylsulfoxide; Exo: exosomes; CVS: cerebral vasospasm; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cells; PBS: phosphate buffered saline.