Table 1.
Apoptosis | Autophagy | Necroptosis | Ferroptosis | Pyroptosis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
morphology | membrane blebbing | formation of intracellular vesicles | cell swelling | shrunken mitochondria with reduced crista | cell swelling; pore formation |
DNA fragmentation | + | - | + (random) |
- | + |
caspase activation | + | - | - | - | + |
positive staining with Annexin-V | + | - | + | + | + |
inflammation | - | - | + | + | + |
other typical features | PARP cleavage | LC3-I to LC3-II conversion; p62/SQSTM1 degradation | RIPK3/MLKL activation; drop in ATP level | iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation | osmotic lysis of cell |