Table 1.
Neuroprotective properties of resveratrol in animal and human studies.
| Subject of the Study | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer’s dementia model in Wistar rats | 10 i 20 mg/kg of resveratrol per day i.p. | ↑glutathione in brain | [17] |
| Sprague–Dawley rats with AD | 100 µM i.c.v. | ↑HO-1 ↓iNOS in hippocampus |
[18] |
| ICR mice with AD | 40 mg/kg of resveratrol per day | ↓PDE4A5,4B1,4D3 expression ↑BDNF ↑pCREB ↑PKA ↑BCl-2 expression ↓BAX expression ↓IL-1β, IL-6 in hippocampus |
[19] |
| People with mild or moderate AD | max 2 g/day of resveratrol | ↓Aβ40 in plasma and in cerebrospinal fluid resveratrol safe and well tolerated | [20] |
| People with mild or moderate AD | max 2 g/day of resveratrol | ↓MMP-9 in cerebrospinal fluid | [21] |
| Healthy overweight elderly man (BMI 25–30 kg/m2) | 200 mg/day of resveratrol 320 mg of quercetin |
↑memory performance ↑functional connectivity (FC) of the hippocampus ↓HbA1c in serum |
[22] |
| People with mild or moderate AD | 5 mg resveratrol 5 g malate 5 g dextrose/twice a day |
resveratrol safe and well tolerated | [23] |
| Wistar rats | 10 mg/kg of resveratrol per day | ↑serum BDNF | [24] |
| AβPP/PS1 mouse model of AD | 16 mg/kg of resveratrol per day | ↑synaptophysin ↑mitochondrial IV complex protein in brain |
[25] |
| Mouse model of AD induced by Aβ1–42 | 0.02 mg/kg of resveratrol per day for cerebral ventricle | ↑AMPK ↑PGC-1 ↓NF-κB / IL-1β / NLRP3 in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex |
[26] |
| Triple-transgenic mouse model of AD (3 x Tg-AD) | 100 mg/kg of resveratrol per day | ↑neprilisine ↓BACE1 ↑AMPK ↑PGC-1 ↑pCREB in hippocampus |
[27] |
| APP/PS1 mouse model of AD | 350 mg/kg resveratrol once a day | inhibition of microglia activation by Aβ in brain | [28] |
↓—reduction,↑—increase, i.p.—intraperitoneal injection, i.c.v—intracerebroventricular injection, HO-1—heme oxygenase-1, iNOS—inducible nitric oxide synthase, BDNF—brain-derived neurotrophic factor, AβPP/PS1—amyloid-β protein precursor/presenilin 1, pCREB—phosphorylated cAMP response-element binding protein, BCl-2—B-cell lymphoma 2, BAX—BCL2-associated X protein, IL-1β—cytokine interleukin-1β, IL-6—interleukin 6, MMP-9—metalloproteinase 9, HbA1c—glycated hemoglobin A1c, AMPK—AMP-activated protein kinase, PGC-1—peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-α, NF-κB—nuclear factor κ-light-chain enhancer of activated B cell, NLRP3—NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3, BACE1—β-secretase 1, APP—amyloid precursor protein, PKA—protein kinase A, PDE 4—phosphodiesterase 4.