Table 5.
Adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) for cardiovascular disease according to post-diagnosis PM2.5–10 levels among 5-year cancer survivors in various cancer types.
| Variables | PM2.5, Quintiles | p for Trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st (Lowest) | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th (Highest) | ||
| Lung cancer | ||||||
| Events | 12 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 12 | |
| Person-years | 841 | 799 | 846 | 946 | 783 | |
| aHR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.71 (0.29–1.73) | 0.83 (0.34–1.98) | 0.79 (0.33–1.89) | 2.46 (0.93–6.52) | 0.389 |
| Breast cancer | ||||||
| Events | 34 | 30 | 41 | 36 | 48 | |
| Person-years | 8013 | 8016 | 7250 | 8591 | 7461 | |
| aHR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.08 (0.63–1.86) | 1.60 (0.97–2.65) | 1.04 (0.65–1.66) | 2.25 (1.32–3.85) | 0.045 |
| Liver cancer | ||||||
| Events | 14 | 9 | 10 | 5 | 12 | |
| Person-years | 1006 | 962 | 996 | 1171 | 853 | |
| aHR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.90 (0.35–2.31) | 1.04 (0.41–2.63) | 0.34 (0.12–0.96) | 0.84 (0.23–2.98) | 0.107 |
| Stomach cancer | ||||||
| Events | 79 | 70 | 77 | 90 | 81 | |
| Person-years | 7618 | 7601 | 6931 | 8867 | 7624 | |
| aHR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.96 (0.68–1.35) | 1.14 (0.81–1.60) | 0.99 (0.73–1.35) | 1.33 (0.88–2.02) | 0.379 |
| Colorectal cancer | ||||||
| Events | 81 | 70 | 54 | 86 | 62 | |
| Person-years | 6160 | 6007 | 5630 | 6466 | 5588 | |
| aHR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.88 (0.62–1.24) | 0.77 (0.53–1.12) | 1.00 (0.74–1.36) | 1.17 (0.74–1.86) | 0.630 |
| Kidney cancer | ||||||
| Events | 13 | 6 | 6 | 15 | 11 | |
| Person-years | 1154 | 1079 | 1070 | 1182 | 947 | |
| aHR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.50 (0.18–1.38) | 0.55 (0.20–1.54) | 1.07 (0.50–2.28) | 1.65 (0.60–4.56) | 0.301 |
| Bladder cancer | ||||||
| Events | 13 | 23 | 13 | 29 | 19 | |
| Person-years | 1117 | 1062 | 1061 | 1518 | 966 | |
| aHR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 2.86 (1.34–6.12) | 1.62 (0.70–3.75) | 1.77 (0.91–3.43) | 2.44 (1.00–5.95) | 0.210 |
| Prostate cancer | ||||||
| Events | 20 | 17 | 21 | 28 | 15 | |
| Person-years | 1115 | 1073 | 1502 | 1276 | 737 | |
| aHR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.86 (0.43–1.69) | 0.83 (0.43–1.59) | 1.26 (0.70–2.26) | 1.23 (0.52–2.90) | 0.304 |
| Smoking-related cancer | ||||||
| Events | 226 | 201 | 185 | 253 | 218 | |
| Person-years | 19,067 | 18,508 | 17,502 | 21,442 | 17,977 | |
| aHR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.99 (0.81–1.22) | 0.99 (0.80–1.22) | 1.00 (0.84–1.20) | 1.34 (1.04–1.73) | 0.201 |
| Obesity-related cancer | ||||||
| Events | 166 | 137 | 133 | 174 | 161 | |
| Person-years | 21,160 | 21,073 | 18,987 | 22,623 | 19,772 | |
| aHR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.88 (0.69–1.13) | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) | 0.98 (0.79–1.21) | 1.33 (0.99–1.78) | 0.209 |
Particulate matter levels determined by 4-year average levels during 2008–2011. Smoking-related cancer included head and neck, esophagus, stomach, colorectum, liver, pancreas larynx, trachea, bronchus and lung, bladder, kidney cancer, and acute myeloid leukemia. Obesity-related cancer included breast, cervical, endometrial, uterine, colon, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney, and esophageal cancer. Adjusted hazard ratio calculated by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis after adjustments for age, sex, household income, area of residence, and Charlson comorbidity index. Acronyms: PM, particulate matter; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.