Table 3.
Estimates of the indirect effects of parenting knowledge on development outcomes through parental investments.
| Indirect Effect | Point Estimate | Bootstrap S. E. | 95% CI (Percentile) | 95% CI (BC) | 95% CI (BCa) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| Knowledge on cognition through investment | 0.02 *** | 0.006 | (0.008, 0.03) | (0.009, 0.03) | (0.009, 0.03) |
| Knowledge on language through investment | 0.02 *** | 0.006 | (0.007, 0.03) | (0.007, 0.03) | (0.007, 0.03) |
| Knowledge on motor through investment | 0.02 *** | 0.006 | (0.008, 0.03) | (0.008, 0.03) | (0.008, 0.03) |
| Knowledge on social-emotion through investment | 0.03 *** | 0.007 | (0.02, 0.04) | (0.02, 0.04) | (0.02, 0.04) |
Notes: (i) Bootstrap standard errors reported in column (2) are based on resampling with 1000 replications. (ii) The percentile 95% CI in column (3) uses usual sampling distribution cutoffs without bias correction; the BC 95% CI in column (4) corrects for a bias in the distribution of bootstrap estimates of standard errors; and the BCa 95% CI in column (5) corrects for bias and skewness in the distribution of bootstrap estimates of standard errors. (iii) *** p < 0.01.