Table 2.

Function and implications in human cancers of non-canonical CDKs.

Transcriptional CDKs
CDK	Function	Cancer	Ref
CDK7	Subunit of TFIIH CDK-activating kinase	Hepatocellular carcinoma, breast, and gastric, glioblastoma	[5,151,152,153,154,155]
CDK8	Mediator complex Cyclin H inhibitory phosphorylation Direct interaction with NOTCH, TGF-β, Wnt, and STAT glycolysis	Colorectal, breast, pancreatic, melanoma	[156]
CDK9	Catalytic subunit of P-TEFb	Hematologic, breast, liver, lung, pancreatic, OS, SS	[140,141,142]
CDK12	Ser2 phosphorylation of CTD of RNA pol II RNA splicing Transcriptional termination 3’ end formation DNA damage response and repair	Breast, uterine, bladder	[157,158]
CDK13	Ser2 and Ser5 phosphorylation of CTD of RNA pol II	Hepatocellular carcinoma, colon, breast, gastric, melanoma	[159]
CDK19	Mediator complex	Prostate	[160,161]
“Other” CDKs
CDK	Function	Cancer	Ref
CDK5	Neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis Reduces insulin secretion RB1 phosphorylation DNA damage repair Cytoskeleton remodeling	Breast, lung, ovarian, prostate, neuroendocrine, multiple myeloma	[7,8,9,162,163,164,165]
CDK10	G2/M transition Promotes ETS2 degradation	Breast, prostate, gastro-intestinal, melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma	[166,167,168,169]
CDK11	Apoptosis Mitosis Transcription/RNA splicing	Breast, multiple myeloma, colon, cervical, OS, LPS	[6,143,144,145,146]
CDK14	RB1 phosphorylation Wnt activation	Colorectal, OS	[149,150]
CDK16	Neuron outgrowth Spermatogenesis p27 phosphorylation	Non-small cell lung, breast, pancreatic	[170,171,172]
CDK20	G1-S transition Apoptosis Epigenetic control (EZH2-β-catenin-AKT signaling)	Glioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal, lung, ovarian, prostate	[173,174,175,176,177,178]