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. 2020 Apr 24;21(8):3021. doi: 10.3390/ijms21083021

Table 1.

Metabolism disrupting chemicals (MDCs), their nuclear receptors (NRs) and other transcription factor targets, epigenetic modifications, and mitochondrial effects [27,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,46,47].

ED Chemical Group Example Energy Metabolism
Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism
Partner for Other NRs Classical ED Targets Epigenetic
Modifications
Mitochondrial Effects
CAR
PXR
ERR GR TR
VDR
PPARs LXR
FXR
AhR RXR ER AR DNA Methylation Histone Modifications ncRNAs Bioenergetics Oxidative Stress
Alkylphenols and derivatives Nonylphenol x x x x x x
Antifoulants Tributyltin x x x x
Bisphenols BPA x x x x x x x x x
Flame retardants PBDE x x x
Fungicides Conazoles,
Vinclozolin
x x x x x x x
Herbicides Atrazine x
Parabens Butylparaben x x x
POPs PCBs, DDT x x x x x x
Pesticides and insecticides Thiacloprid,
Cypermethrin
x x x x x x x x x
Phthalates DEHP x x x x x
Polyfluorinated chemicals PFOS x x x x

x indicates known effects of these compounds on NR activity or epigenetic modifications or mitochondrial function. BPA: Bisphenol A, PBDE: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, POP: Persistent organic pollutants, PCB: Polychlorinated biphenyl, DDT: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, DEHP: Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, PFOS: Perfluorooctanoic acid, CAR: Constitutive androstane receptor, ERR: Estrogen-related receptor, GR: Glucocorticoid receptor, TR: Thyroid hormone receptor, VDR: Vitamin D receptor, PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, LXR: Liver X receptor, FXR: Farnesoid X receptor, AhR: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, RXR: Retinoid X receptor, ER: Estrogen receptor, AR: Androgen receptor, ncRNA: non-coding RNA.