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. 2020 Apr 23;21(8):2961. doi: 10.3390/ijms21082961

Figure 2.

Figure 2

TLR4 inhibitor TAK-242 (TAK) inhibited PEDV infection and increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Vero cells were treated with different concentrations of TAK for 2 h and then infected with PEDV (0.1 MOI) in the presence of different concentrations of TAK for 24 h. (A) porcine epidemic diarrhea virus nucleocapsid (PEDV-N) expression was analyzed by Western blotting. Actin was used as a loading control. (B) Immunofluorescence of PEDV-N (green) detected in infected Vero cells (blue is 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)). (C) Levels of PEDV open reading frame (ORF3) RNA in infected cells were determined by qRT-PCR. (D) Viral titers in supernatants after TAK treatment were measured using a plaque formation assay. (E) Levels of mRNAs encoding proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed by qRT-PCR. p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant (** p < 0.01). Bars represent standard deviations.