Figure 5.

TLR4 was an upstream modulator of MAPK p38 during PEDV infection. Vero cells were treated with different concentrations of TAK for 2 h and then infected with PEDV (0.1 MOI) in the presence of different concentrations of TAK for 24 h. (A) Levels of phosphorylated and total MAPK p38, ERK1/2, or JNK were analyzed by Western blotting. Βeta-actin was used as a loading control. (B) Levels of phospho-p38/total p38 were plotted using ImageJ. (C) Levels of phospho-JNK/total JNK were plotted using ImageJ. (D) Fold changes in phospho-Erk/total Erk ratio were plotted using ImageJ. p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant (** p < 0.01). Bars represent standard deviations.