Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Sample, Health and Retirement Study, 1998–2014 (n = 7088).
| Variable | Women without Cancer | Cancer Survivors | t/ꭓ2 a | |
| N = 6605 | N = 483 | |||
| Mean (SD)/Median (SE) | ||||
| Age | 54.8 (3.5) | 55.6 (3.8) | 4.74(1) * | |
| Hours worked per week | 33.3 (16.5) | 34.6 (17.9) | 5.7(1) * | |
| Adjusted Income ($) | 56,370 (76,739) | 58,493 (52,782) | 102.06(1) *** | |
| No. Chronic Diseases | 1.02 (1.02) | 2.17 (1.17) | 17.82(1) *** | |
| Self-rated health | 2.53 (1.03) | 2.89 (1.07) | 1.62(1) | |
| Years since cancer diagnosis | 8.8 (5.6) | |||
| N (%) b | ||||
| Employment Status | ||||
| Employed | 6025 (91.2) | 442 (91.5) | 0.04 | |
| Full-time | 4297 (69.0) | 330 (69.0) | 1.96 | |
| Part-time | 1632 (25.1) | 107 (22.4) | ||
| Unemployed | 580 (8.9) | 41 (8.6) | ||
| Occupation | 9.8(1) ** | |||
| Professional | 3590 (54.4) | 298 (61.7) | ||
| Non-professional | 3015 (45.7) | 185 (38.3) | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | 10.3(3) * | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 4075 (61.7) | 333 (68.9) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1432 (21.7) | 88 (18.2) | ||
| Hispanic | 876 (13.3) | 49 (10.1) | ||
| Other | 222 (3.4) | 13 (2.7) | ||
| Marital Status(married) | 4523 (68.5) | 310 (64.2) | 3.82(1) * | |
| Children in Household(yes) | 2793 (42.3) | 183 (37.9) | 3.57(1) | |
| Education | 20.9(4) *** | |||
| General Educational Diploma (GED) or less | 1218(18.4) | 62(12.9) | ||
| High School graduate | 1961 (29.7) | 153 (31.7) | ||
| Some college | 1855 (28.1) | 122 (25.3) | ||
| College and above | 1571 (23.8) | 146 (30.2) | ||
| Household Income as % Federal Poverty Level (FPL) | 14.0(3) ** | |||
| ≤138% | 1139 (17.2) | 56 (11.6) | ||
| 138–250% | 1203 (18.2) | 94 (19.3) | ||
| 250–400% | 1325 (20.1) | 87 (18.0) | ||
| ≥400% Observed during Great Recession |
2938 (44.5) 1756 (26.33) |
246 (50.9) 125 (25.67) |
0.57(1) |
|
| Insurance Status | ||||
| Public insurance | 3050 (46.8) | 295 (61.1) | 40.5(2) *** | |
| Private insurance | 2873 (43.5) | 156 (32.3) | ||
| Uninsured | 682 (10.3) | 32 (6.6) | ||
| Fatigue(yes) | 800 (12.1) | 102 (21.1) | 32.9(1) *** | |
| Depression(yes) | 977 (14.8) | 85 (17.6) | 2.8(1) * | |
| Years since cancer diagnosis | - | |||
| ≤2 years | 62 (12.8) | |||
| 3–5 years | 101 (20.9) | |||
| 6–10 years | 149 (30.9) | |||
| >10 years | 171 (35.4) | |||
| Currently undergoing cancer treatment(yes) | 110 (22.8) | - | ||
| a | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
| Cancer | Years since Diagnosis | Cancer × Occupation | Years since Diagnosis × Occupation | |
| OR (S.E.) b | OR (S.E.) b | OR (S.E.) b | OR (S.E.) b | |
| Fixed Effects | ||||
| Intercept (baseline level) c | 26.92 (4.58) *** | 26.97 (4.59) *** | 26.61 (4.54) *** | 26.60 (4.54) *** |
| Cancer status (ref: no cancer) | ||||
| Has cancer | 1.27 (0.19) | 1.51 (0.34) | ||
| Years since diagnosis (ref: no cancer) | ||||
| ≤2 years | 2.83 (1.47) * | 1.43 (1.11) | ||
| 3–5 years | 1.03 (0.34) | 1.49 (0.74) | ||
| 6–10 years | 1.61 (0.41) | 2.33 (.95) * | ||
| >10 years | 0.94 (0.22) | 1.13 (0.39) | ||
| Occupational status (ref: unskilled/manual) | ||||
| Professional occupations | 2.57 (0.20) *** | 2.56 (0.20) *** | 2.61 (0.21) *** | 2.62 (0.21) *** |
| Interaction Terms (cancer × occupation) | ||||
| Cancer × professional | 0.79 (0.22) | |||
| Interaction Terms (years since diagnosis × occupation) | ||||
| ≤2 years × professional | 2.55 (2.69) | |||
| 3–5 years × professional | 0.50 (0.30) | |||
| 6–10 years × professional | 0.68 (0.33) | |||
| >10 years × professional | 0.78 (0.32) | |||
| Linear slope (ctime)d | 0.66 (0.02) *** | 0.66 (0.02) *** | 0.65 (0.02) *** | 0.65 (0.02) *** |
| Cancer status (ref: no cancer) | ||||
| Has cancer | 1.33 (0.12) ** | 1.59 (0.22) ** | ||
| Years since diagnosis (ref: no cancer) | ||||
| ≤2 years | 3.30 (1.16) ** | 1.91 (1.03) | ||
| 3-5 years | 1.07 (0.23) | 0.87 (0.28) | ||
| 6-10 years | 1.34 (0.20) | 2.35 (0.59) ** | ||
| >10 years | 1.18 (0.16) | 1.45 (0.29) | ||
| Occupational status (ref: unskilled/manual) | ||||
| Professional occupations | 0.77 (0.03) *** | 0.77 (0.03) *** | 0.79 (0.03) *** | 0.79 (0.03) *** |
| Interaction Terms (cancer × occupation) | ||||
| Cancer × professional | 0.74 (0.12) | |||
| Interaction Terms (years since diagnosis × occupation) | ||||
| ≤ 2 years × professional | 2.20 (1.58) | |||
| 3–5 years × professional | 1.48 (0.58) | |||
| 6–10 years × professional | 0.40 (0.12) ** | |||
| >10 years × professional | 0.72 (0.18) | |||
| Random Effects | ||||
| Variance(ctime) | 1.00 (0.08) | 0.99 (0.08) | 1.00 (0.08) | 0.99 (0.08) |
| Variance(Intercept) | 4.53 (0.26) | 4.50 (0.26) | 4.53 (0.26) | 4.51 (0.26) |
| Covariance (ctime, intercept) | 1.35 (0.11) | 1.33 (0.11) | 1.35 (0.11) | 1.33 (0.11) |
| Log likelihood chi2(df) | 779.53 (24) *** | 789.37 (30) *** | 782.62 (26) *** | 798.20 (38) *** |
a Note: N = 7088 individuals; Observations = 26,355 observations (483 cancer survivors (1709 observations) and 6605 individuals with no cancer history (24,646 observations)). b Odds Ratios (Standard Error) are based on random slope logistic regression models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, economic recession experience, children in the household, family income, type of health insurance, self-rated health, fatigue, depressive symptoms, and current cancer treatment; * p < 0.05. ** p < 0.01. *** p < 0.001; c Intercepts indicate person-specific baseline level (initial values) of employment status. d Linear slopes describe intra-individual patterns of change in employment status as a function of centered time (ctime).