Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for all study variables.
| Variables | Mean (SD)/n (%) | Cronbach’s | Range/Valuation | Missing Value/n |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level-1 (n = 658) | ||||
| Children’s emotional and behavioral problems | 0.71 | |||
| SDQ total difficulties score | 9.03 (5.60) | 0–29 | 0 | |
| SDQ emotional symptoms score | 2.24 (2.25) | 0–10 | 0 | |
| SDQ conduct problems score | 1.38 (1.57) | 0–10 | 0 | |
| SDQ hyperactivity score | 3.02 (2.19) | 0–10 | 0 | |
| SDQ peer problems score | 2.40 (1.55) | 0–8 | 0 | |
| Parenting style | ||||
| Warm parenting | 0.75 | |||
| Has warm close times with child | 4.34 (0.88) | 1 = never/almost never; 2 = rarely; 3 = sometimes; 4 = often; 5 = always/almost always. |
17 | |
| Enjoys doing things with and listening to child | 4.33 (0.86) | 22 | ||
| Talk about what is going on in their life | 3.56 (1.30) | 34 | ||
| Is good at getting child to do what is told | 3.75 (1.20) | 33 | ||
| Feels close to child when child is happy and upset | 4.21 (1.07) | 30 | ||
| Hostile parenting | 0.73 | |||
| Has been angry with child | 2.05 (1.06) | 1 = never/almost never; 2 = rarely; 3 = sometimes; 4 = often; 5 = always/almost always. |
28 | |
| Has raised voice or shouted at child | 1.98 (0.97) | 28 | ||
| Gets on my nerves when child cries | 2.28 (1.35) | 38 | ||
| Has lost temper with child | 1.58 (0.93) | 27 | ||
| Has left child alone in bedroom when upset | 1.44 (0.92) | 29 | ||
| Level-2 (n = 410) | ||||
| Primary caregivers’ acculturation level | 0.91 | |||
| English proficiency | 0.94 | |||
| Understand spoken English | 2.20 (0.71) | 1 = not at all; 2 = not well; 3 = well; 4 = very well. |
11 | |
| Speak English | 2.04 (0.74) | 6 | ||
| Read English | 2.15 (0.82) | 7 | ||
| Write English | 2.07 (0.77) | 8 | ||
| Self-sufficiency to participate in the life in Australia | 0.92 | |||
| Look for a job | 1.76 (0.92) | 1 = would not know at all; 2 = would know a little; 3 = would know fairly well; 4 = would know very well. |
4 | |
| Find a school or childcare for children | 2.31 (1.04) | 22 | ||
| Use public transport | 2.93 (1.04) | 4 | ||
| Get help in an emergency | 2.68 (1.06) | 3 | ||
| Use bank services | 2.23 (1.08) | 4 | ||
| Find out what government services and benefits are available | 2.30 (1.04) | 4 | ||
| Find out about your rights | 2.24 (1.05) | 4 | ||
| Get help from the police | 2.59 (1.09) | 3 | ||
| Social interaction | 0.80 | |||
| Make friends in Australia | 2.51 (0.76) | 1 = very hard; 2 = hard; 3 = easy; 4 = very easy. |
23 | |
| Understand Australian ways/culture | 2.53 (0.76) | 20 | ||
| Talk to Australian neighbors | 2.30 (0.81) | 27 | ||
| Self-identity | 0.54 | |||
| Feel welcome in Australia | 3.57 (0.67) | 1 = hardly ever; 2 = some of the time; 3 = most of the time; 4 = always. |
3 | |
| Feel part of the Australian community | 3.38 (0.86) | 2 | ||
| Experience discrimination in Australia n (%) | 2 | |||
| Yes | 24 (5.85) | |||
| No | 384 (93.66) | |||
| Financial stress | 1.22 (1.51) | 0–6 | 5 | |
| Psychological distress | 14.31 (6.01) | 0.90 | 6–30 | 8 |
SDQ: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.