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. 2020 Apr 15;21(8):2726. doi: 10.3390/ijms21082726

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induces the expression of ER stress markers in Caco-2 cells and changes the balance of pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines. (A) Examination of ER stress markers by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The ER markers X-box binding protein 1s (XBP1s), activation transcription factor 4 (ATF-4), immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) were significantly elevated in Caco-2 cells incubated with DSS. (B) The expression of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin α (IL1α), interleukin 6 (IL6), and interleukin 10 (IL10). DSS treatment caused an elevation in the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL1α, IL6, whereas that of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 was reduced as compared to control (Ctr) non-treated cells. Student’s t-test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, SEM, n = 3.