Table 1.

Diabetic nephropathy therapies with macrophage implications.

Drug/mAbs	Mechanism of Action	Macrophage Implication	Outcome	Ref.
Alantolactone	Inhibition of TNF-α and IL-6	Reduces Mφ infiltration	In diabetic mice: reduced creatinine and urea nitrogen serum levels.	[56]
Tectorigenin	Improve vascular endothelium dysfunction through AdipoR1/2 pathway	Reduces Mφ infiltration and M1 polarization	In diabetic mice: reduced endothelia damage through lipotoxicity, improved insulin sensitivity, attenuated Mφ-induced inflammation	[57]
Emapticap Pegol	Inhibition of MCP-1	Reduces Mφ infiltration	In diabetic patients: reduced HbA1c and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio.	[53]
Pentraxin-3	Increase numbers of Mφ expressing Arg1 - CD206	Promotes M2 polarization	In diabetic mice: increased expression of nephrin, acetylated nephrin, and WT-1.	[58]
Enalapril	Increase T cells number and promotes Mφ differentiation towards M1-like	Promotes M1-like polarization	In diabetic patients: reduced albuminuria without modulating the HbA1c %.	[59]
Monoclonal Antibodies Against CD148	Prevents reduction of podocyte and nephrin expression and decreased glomerular fibronectin expression	Reduces Mφ infiltration	In diabetic mice: decreased albuminuria and mesangial expansion without altering hyperglycemia and blood pressure	[60]
Monoclonal Antibody against IL-17	Blocks the NF-κB cascade, TGF-β and fibronectin.	Reduces Mφ infiltration	In diabetic mice: reduced albuminuria, glomerular damage, Mφ accumulation and renal fibrosis	[61]

AdipoR1/2: adiponectin receptor 1/2. WT1: Wilms’ tumor-1 protein. Arg1: arginase 1. CD206: mannose receptor. HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.