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. 2020 Apr 23;21(8):2993. doi: 10.3390/ijms21082993

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Microvessel formation in GAF hydrogel layer encapsulating HUVEC/LF. (A) Confocal images of microvessels in the layer stained with phalloidin (red, actin), Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-CD31 antibody (green, blood vessel), and DAPI (blue, nucleus) on days four and seven. The scale bar represents 100 μm. (B) Area and (C) thickness of microvessels in the layer. Each analysis was performed by randomly selecting nine different regions in two printed layers. Student’s t-test: ** p < 0.01. (D) Cross-sectional images of microvessels in the bioprinted layer, showing lumens. The yellow arrow indicates lumen formation. The scale bar represents 100 μm. (E) Stitched images of microvessels in the entire layer on day seven. The scale bar represents 500 μm.