Table 1.
Meal timing and sleep by sociodemographic and behavioural risk factors in students aged 18–29 years (N = 793).
| Characteristics | Total Sample N = 793 n (col%) |
Meal Timing <3 h before Bed n = 450 (row%) |
One or More Nocturnal Awakenings n = 191 (row%) |
Sleep Onset Latency >30 min n = 186 (row%) |
Sleep Duration ≤6 h n = 76 (row%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meal timing | |||||
| >3 h before bedtime | 343 (43.2) | - | 19.2 | 21.3 | 10.8 |
| ≤3 h before bedtime | 450 (56.8) | - | 27.8 | 25.1 | 8.7 |
| Age | |||||
| 18–21 years | 440 (55.5) | 53.4 | 19.8 | 25.5 | 10.7 |
| 22–25 years | 221 (27.9) | 61.5 | 29.0 | 22.2 | 10.9 |
| 26–29 years | 132 (16.6) | 59.8 | 30.3 | 18.9 | 3.8 |
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 587 (74.0) | 55.7 | 26.6 | 25.9 | 8.9 |
| Male | 206 (26.0) | 59.7 | 17.0 | 16.5 | 11.7 |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Caucasian | 504 (63.6) | 63.9 | 25.6 | 26.4 | 6.2 |
| Asian | 234 (29.5) | 37.6 | 18.8 | 16.7 | 17.1 |
| Other | 55 (7.0) | 72.7 | 32.7 | 25.5 | 9.1 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||
| Underweight | 80 (10.1) | 56.3 | 25.0 | 20.0 | 12.5 |
| Normal | 570 (71.9) | 54.9 | 23.3 | 23.7 | 10.0 |
| Overweight | 113 (14.2) | 60.2 | 19.5 | 26.5 | 7.1 |
| Obese | 30 (3.8) | 80.0 | 53.3 | 16.7 | 3.3 |
| Smoking status | |||||
| None | 755 (95.2) | 56.2 | 23.7 | 22.5 | 9.1 |
| Current | 38 (4.8) | 68.4 | 31.6 | 42.1 | 18.4 |
| Physical activity | |||||
| Sedentary | 280 (35.3) | 49.6 | 26.4 | 25.0 | 9.6 |
| Moderately Active | 485 (61.2) | 59.8 | 23.1 | 22.5 | 9.9 |
| Vigorously Active | 28 (3.5) | 75.0 | 17.9 | 25.0 | 3.6 |
| Daily caffeine intake | |||||
| None | 182 (23.0) | 58.8 | 18.1 | 22.0 | 7.1 |
| 1–2 | 355 (44.8) | 52.1 | 25.4 | 22.5 | 11.0 |
| 3+ | 256 (32.3) | 61.7 | 26.6 | 25.8 | 9.4 |
| Caffeine intake at bedtime | |||||
| None | 512 (64.6) | 56.3 | 23.8 | 22.7 | 8.4 |
| Any | 281 (35.4) | 57.7 | 24.6 | 24.9 | 11.7 |
| Daily alcohol intake | |||||
| None | 611 (77.0) | 54.3 | 23.4 | 22.3 | 10.1 |
| Any | 182 (23.0) | 64.8 | 26.4 | 27.5 | 7.7 |
| Alcohol intake at bedtime | |||||
| None | 701 (88.4) | 55.2 | 23.5 | 23.0 | 9.6 |
| Any | 92 (11.6) | 68.5 | 28.5 | 27.2 | 9.8 |
| Total beverages at bedtime | |||||
| None | 326 (41.1) | 54.6 | 24.2 | 23.3 | 8.6 |
| 1 | 287 (36.2) | 52.6 | 22.6 | 19.9 | 9.1 |
| 2+ | 180 (22.7) | 67.2 | 26.1 | 29.4 | 12.2 |
Notes: Bolded values indicate there is a significant association between the covariate and meal timing or sleep at p < 0.05 using a chi-squared test.