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. 2020 Apr 19;13(8):1922. doi: 10.3390/ma13081922
PBHTC pool boiling heat transfer coefficient, kW/m2.K
EG ethylene glycol
CNTs carbon nanotubes
φV volume concentration, %
φm mass concentration, %
ρp the density of nanopowder, kg/m3
ρw the density of water, kg/m3
ρv the density of vapor, kg/m3
L length of the boiling chamber, m
W width of the boiling chamber, m
H the height of the boiling chamber, m
Ra arithmetical mean roughness value, μm
q. applied heat flux, kW/m2
P electrical power, W
Dout  the outer diameter of the copper tube, m
Ltube length of copper tube, m
Ttop the temperature at the top surface, °C
Tside the temperature at the side surface, °C
Tbottom the temperature at the bottom surface, °C
Ts,ave average surface temperature, °C
ΔTsup superheat temperature, K
Tsat saturation temperature, °C
μl the viscosity of the liquid, Pa.s
hlv latent heat of vaporization, kJ/kg
σ surface tension, N/m
Cp,l specific heat of the liquid, kJ/kg. K
Csf liquid–surface interaction coefficient
Prl liquid Prandtl number
pr reduced pressure ratio
Fp, Fq, FSR constants in Gorenflo correlation.
Subscripts
V volume
m mass
p powder
w water
v vapor
l liquid
out outer
s surface
sup superheat
sat saturation
nf nanofluid
0 reference condition