Table 2.
Description of high intensity interval training (HIIT)/sprint interval training studies (SIT) in adolescents.
| Author (Year) | Study Design (CT = Control Trial; RCT = Randomised control trial | Subjects Numbers (n)/Intervention Duration (weeks) | Weight Status (H = Healthy; O = Overweight; OB = Obese) | Mode | Percentile of CRF | Assessment of CRF (Direct = D; Indirect = I) | Protocol | HIT/SIT Sessions Week−1 | Duration of HIT/SIT Intervals | Total Intervention Duration Including Rest | Number of HIT/SIT Intervals Per Session | Duration of Rest Intervals | Intensity of HIT/SIT Intervals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baquet et al., (2001) [22] | CT | 551 school adolescents Males (M) and Females (F) (12–15 years) HI = 503 (12.7 ± 1.1 years) CON = 48 (13 ± 1 years) 10 weeks |
H | Running sprints | 25th Percentile | I | HI= 3 × (10 s/10 s) @ 100–120% MAS) 3 min recovery C = 3 h of PE per week |
1 | 10 s | 60 min | 3 | 3–5 min | 100–120% MAS |
| Boddy et al., (2010) [34] | RCT | 16 F (11.8 ± 0.3 years) INT = 8 CON = 8 5 weeks |
H | Dance class | 75th percentile | I | INT= 6 × 30 s of high intensity activities @ >80 mean % HRmax with 45 s recovery CON = no information provided |
4 | 30 s | 3 h | 6 | 45 s | >80% HRmax |
| Boer et al., (2014) [35] | RCT | 46 M & F adolescents (17 ± 3) SIT = 17 CAT = 15 CON = 14 15 weeks |
H | Cycling | 15th percentile | I | SIT = 10 × 15 s @ 110% VT with 45 s rest CAT 30 min CAT @ 100% VT CON = normal routine |
2 | 15 s | 5 h | 10 | 45 s | 110% VT |
| Buchan et al., (2011) [24] | CT | 47 M & F adolescent scholars (16.4 ± 0.7 years) HIIT = 17 (16.7 ± 0.1 years) MOD= 16 (16.2 ± 0.1years) CONT= 24 (16.3 ± 0.5 years) 7 weeks |
H | Running sprints | 85th percentile | I | HIIT= 4–6 × 30/30 s running sprints at maximal effort ET= 20 min continuous running at 70% VO2max CONT = normal daily routine |
3 | 30 s | 63 | 4 to 6 | 30 s | 86.7% HRmax |
| Buchan et al., (2012) [25] | CT | 41 M & F adolescent scholars (15–17 years) HIIT = 17 CONT = 24 7 weeks |
H | Running sprints | 85th percentile | I | HIIT = 4–6 × (30/30s) running sprints at maximal effort CONT = normal daily routine |
3 | 30 s | 63 min | 4 to 6 | 30 s | 86.8% HRmax |
| Buchan et al., (2013) [23] | CT | 89 M & F Adolescent scholars HIIT = 42 (16.8 ± 0.5 years) CONT = 47 (16.6 ± 0.6 years) 7 weeks |
H | running sprints | 85th percentile | I | HIIT= 4–6 × (30/30 s) running sprints at maximal effort CONT = normal daily routine |
3 | 30 s | 63 min | 4 to 6 | 30 s | 86.7% HRmax |
| Coute de Araujo et al., (2012) [36] | RCT | 39 M & F Obese children (8–12 years) HIIT = 20 (10.7 ± 0.7years) ET = 19 (10.4 ± 0.9 years) 12 weeks |
OB | Treadmill sprints | 10th percentile | I | INT = 4 × 60 s at 100% MAV 3 min at 50% of MAV (12 weeks) ET = 30–60 min of continuous running at 80% HRmax |
2 | 60 s | 60 min | 3 to 6 | 3 min | 100% MAS |
| Impellizzeri et al., (2006) [37] | CT | 29 M & F Adolescents STG= 14 GTG= 15 Age: 17.8 ± 0.6years 8 weeks |
H | Running sprints | 95th percentile | D | STG = 4 × 4 min @ 90–95% HRmax GTC = normal training |
2 | 4 | 128 min | 4 | 3 min | 95% HRmax |
| Koubaa et al., (2013) [38] | CT | 29 M & F obese adolescents (13 ± 0.8 years) HIIT = 14 C = 15 12 weeks |
OB | Running sprints | 25th percentile | D | HIIT = 2 min work @80–100% VO2max (reps not stated) C = continuous running (30 min at 60–70% VO2max) |
3 | 2 min | - | - | 60 s | 100% VO2max |
| Martin et al., (2015) [27] | CT | 49 M & F adolescent scholars SIT = 26 (16.8 ± 0.3 years) SPE =23 (17.0 ± 0.2 years) 7 weeks |
H | Running sprints | 85th percentile | I | SIT= 4–6 × (30/30 s) @ 86.5% HRmax) SPE= standard 3 h of PE per week |
3 | 30 s | 63 min | 4 to 6 | 30 s | 86.5% HRmax |
| Martin-Smith et al., (2018) [28] | CT | 56 M & F adolescents INT = 24 (17 ± 0.3 years) CON = 32 (16.8 ± 0.5 years 4 weeks |
H | Running sprints | 85th percentile | I | INT= 5–6 × (30/30s) @ 92.2% HRmax CON= standard 3 h of PE per week |
3 | 30 s | 66 min | 5–6 | 30 s | 92.2% HRmax |
| Murphy et al., (2015) [39] | CT | 13 M & F adolescents (14.4 years) HIIE = 7 (13.7 ± 2.0 years) AE = 6 (14.3 ± 2.0 years) 12 weeks |
O | HIIE = Cycling SAE-continuous aerobic exercise |
25th percentile | D | HIIE = 10 × 1 min @ 80–90% HRmax interspersed with 2 min @ 60% HRmax AE-continuous aerobic exercise |
3 | 60 s | 90 min | 10 | 2 min | 80–90% HRmax |
| Racil et al., (2013) [40] | RCT | 34 obese F adolescents (15.9 ± 0.3 years) HIIT = 11 MIIT = 11 CG = 12 12 weeks |
OB | Running sprints | 25th percentile | I | HIIT = 2 × (6–8 × 30s/30s) @ 100–110% MAS MIIT = 2 × (6–8 × 30/30s) @ 70–80% MAS CG = normal daily activities |
3 | 30 s | up to 4 h 24 min | 6 to 8 | 30 s and 4 min | 100% MAS |
| Racil et al., (2016) [41] | RCT | 47 F (14.2 ± 1.2 years) HIIT = 17 MIIT = 16 CON = 14 12 weeks |
OB | Running sprints |
25th percentile | I | HIIT = 15 s/15 s @100% MAS/50% MAS MIIT = 15 s/15 s @800% MAS/50% MAS CON = no exercise |
3 | 15 s | 8 h | 8 to 16 | 15 s | 100% MAS |
| Sandbakk et al., (2011) [42] | CT | 15 M & F adolescents CG = 8 IG = 7 Age: 17.4 ± 0.5 years 8 weeks |
H | Cross country skiing | 95th percentile | I | INT1 = 1.5–3 h @60–74% HRmax INT2 = 1–2 h continuous work @78–84% HRmax INT3 5–10 min interval at 85–92% HRmax |
- | - | - | - | - | 92% HRmax |
| Sperlich et al., (2011) [43] | CT | 19 M & F adolescents HIIT = 9 HVT = 10 age:13.5 ± 0.4 years 5 weeks |
H | Running sprints | 95th percentile | D | HIIT = Variation of intervals at 90–95% HRmax HVT = various fartlek sessions at 50–70% HRmax lasting 45–60 min | 3 to 4 | 30 s–4 min | 166 min | 4 to 12 | 30 s–4 min | 95% HRmax |
| Starkoff et al., (2014) [44] | RCT | 27 M and F adolescents (14.7 ± 1.5 years) HIIE = 14 (14.9 ± 1.6 years) MOD = 13 (14.5 ± 1.4 years) 6 weeks |
OB | Cycling | 25th percentile | D | HIIE = 10 × 2 min @95–100% APMHR interspersed with 1 min @55% APMHR MOD = 65–75% APMHR |
3 | 2 min | 5 h | 10 | 1 min | 95–100% APMHR |
| Tjonna et al., (2009) [45] | RCT | 54 overweight/obese adolescents (14 ± 0.3years) AIT = 28 MTG = 26 12 weeks |
O/OB | Treadmill running sprints | 10th percentile | D | AIT = 4 × 4 min @ 90–95% HRmax with 3 min recovery @ 70% HRmax MTG = Activity sessions 3 times in 12 months and educational conversation groups |
2 | 4 min | 6 h 20 min | 4 | 3 min | 95% HRmax |
NOTE: HI = High intensity. C = Control. INT = Intervention. CG = Control Group. CON = Control. CONT = Control. SIT = Sprint interval Training. IG = Interval Group. CAT = Continuous Aerobic Training. ET = Endurance Training. HI = High Intensity. STG = Sprint Training Group. GTG = Generic Training Group. SPE = Standard Physical Education. PE = Physical Education. HIIE = High Intensity Interval Exercise. MTG = Moderate Training Group. AIT = Aerobic Interval Training. AE = Aerobic Exercise. MIIT = Moderate Intensity Interval Training. MOD = Moderate Intensity. MAV = Maximal Aerobic Velocity. VT = Velocity Threshold. APMHER = Age Predicted Maximal Heart Rate. HVT = High Volume Training. AIT = Aerobic Interval Training. MAS= Maximal Aerobic Speed. MTG = Multidisciplinary Training Group.