Table 2.
Summary of the characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Type of Study | Participants | Sample Size | Risk Factor Examined |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [22] | Cross-sectional study | Competitive junior tennis players | N = 35, (M = 19, F = 16) | Scapulothoracic position, muscle strength, flexibility |
| [27] | Cross-sectional study | Competitive adult tennis players | N = 59, (M = 31, F = 28) | Age-related shoulder/scapular adaptions |
| [32] | Controlled laboratory study | Collegiate tennis players | N = 16’ (Μ) | Racket grip size |
| [24] | Cross-sectional study | Competitive adult tennis players | N = 55, (Μ) | Racket properties |
| [13] | Prospective 2-year study | Competitive junior tennis players | N = 55, (M = 35, F = 20) | Previous injury |
| [23] | Laboratory-based study | Competitive junior tennis players | N = 51, (M = 29, F = 22) | Flexibility and range of motion |
| [33] | Laboratory study | Ex-professional senior tennis players | N = 10, (M = 9, F = 1) | Glenohumeral instability and shoulder impingement |
| [21] | Cross-sectional study | Professional and competitive tennis players | N = 18, (M = 18) | Skills and technique |
| [34] | Laboratory-based study | Competitive adult tennis players | N = 20, (M = 20) | Skill, technique kinetic chain, and previous injury |
| [29] | Laboratory-based study | Competitive adult tennis players | N= 8, (M = 8) | Effect of prolonged tennis to shoulder muscle fatigue |
| [20] | Laboratory-based study | Competitive adult tennis players | N= 8, (M = 8) | Effect of prolonged tennis to shoulder range of motion |
| [31] | Cross-sectional controlled study | Competitive senior tennis players | N = 18, (M = 17, F = 1) | Prolonged tennis may affect shoulder articular cartilage |
| [28] | Cohort study | Professional tennis players | N = 79, (F = 79) | Effect of prolonged tennis on glenohumeral rotation |
| [30] | Randomized controlled clinical trial | Collegiate tennis players | N = 20, (M = 20) | Influence of fatigue on scapular kinematics |
| [35] | Laboratory-based study | Competitive adult tennis players | N = 8, (M = 8) | Scapulothoracic kinematics |
| [26] | Laboratory-based study | Competitive adult tennis players | N = 8, (M = 8) | Racket polar moment of inertia |
| [36] | Cross-sectional study | Competitive junior tennis players | N = 40, (M = 26, F = 14) | Shoulder rotational muscle imbalances |
| [37] | Cross-sectional study | Competitive junior tennis players | N = 53, (M = 31, F = 22) | Correlation between scapular dyskinesia and subacromial space |
| [25] | Cross-sectional study | Competitive adult tennis players | N = 400, (M = 323, F = 77) | Racket grip |
N = number of participants; M = male participants; F = female participants.