Figure 4.

Protein expression of caspase-3, a regulator of apoptosis (a), and Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein (b) in the renal cortex from non-diabetic db/+ mice and diabetic db/db mice treated with vehicle, empagliflozin, and empagliflozin–linagliptin; (c) representative immunoblots of caspase-3, Bcl-2 and β-actin as the control. Data are presented as a bar graph (median, lower and upper quartile) with individual data set (dots); a.u., arbitrary unit; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. non-diabetic db/+ mice; ^# p < 0.05,^## p < 0.01 vs. vehicle-treated db/db mice (Mann–Whitney U-test).