Table 2.
Plasma biochemical parameters and hormones in db/db and db/+ mice.
| Parameter | Week of Age | db/+ Mice (Non-Diabetic Control) | db/db Mice | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vehicle | EMPA | LINA | EMPA + LINA | |||
| n | 9 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 6 | |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 8 | 9.5 (5.1–11.4) | 28.5 (16.8–40.1)*** | 23.1 (15.3–35.4)*** | 27.5 (20.6–48.8)*** | 25.9 (20.4–33.0)*** |
| 16 | 9.5 (8.5–12.2) | 32.7 (22.5–53.1) *** | 16.1 (9.9–23.6)***###+ | 29.9 (25.8–34.6)***§§ | 15.2 (11.7–23.5)***ØØ##+ | |
| Fructosamine, μmol/L | 8 | 237 (217–249) | 456 (424–511)*** | 480 (425–579)*** | 436 (383–487)*** | 430 (406; 475)*** |
| 16 | 239 (222–296) | 622 (524–672)***++ | 468 (341–491)**+ | 650 (591–691)***§§+ | 380 (342–392)*ØØ+ | |
| Glycated albumin, μmol/L | 8 | 107 (103–127) | 227 (206–239)*** | 235 (217–261)*** | 209 (156–256)*** | 217 (203–228)*** |
| 16 | 117 (109–133) | 283 (252–349)***++ | 210 (166–245)**##+ | 315 (225–376)***§§ | 178 (157–182)*###ØØ+ | |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 8 | 3.30 (1.40–6.54) | 97.1 (53.2–114.4)*** | 93.4 (80.8–133.1)*** | 92.9 (76.0–118.4)*** | 89.9 (66.6–119.1)*** |
| 16 | 3.80 (1.50–6.30) | 90.0 (21.2–151.4)*** | 136.4 (53.0–171.2)***#+ | 96.5 (51.6–172.6)*** | 139.1 (83.7–200.6)*** | |
| Insulin, ng/mL | 8 | 5.59 (3.43–18.0) | 25.6 (11.5–45.2)*** | 21.2 (10.8–40.8)** | 22.7 (15.3–54.0)** | 22.1 (13.8–76.7)*** |
| 16 | 10.0 (2.10–22.2) | 22.1 (9.8–33.2)** | 20.8 (5.95–56.7)* | 13.9 (7.2–23.7) | 33.3 (13.6–72.9)**Ø | |
| Glucagon, ng/mL | 8 | 370 (250–2670) | 660 (190–2760) | 450 (290–2180) | 375 (260–2090) | 300 (170–780) |
| 16 | 370 (150–2120) | 605 (260–2960) | 390 (240–860) | 325 (190–810) | 310 (200–460)# | |
| Ghrelin, ng/mL | 8 | 0.99 (0.24–4.27) | 0.42 (0.10–1.57)** | 0.50 (0.25–1.15)** | 0.37 (0.25–0.82)** | 0.39 (0.32–1.13)** |
| 16 | 1.47 (0.76–6.31) | 1.27 (0.57–2.26)* | 0.81 (0.28–2.58) | 0.45 (0.20–1.14)***§ | 0.77 (0.08–1.47)* | |
| PAI-1, ng/mL | 8 | 1.52 (0.70–3.24) | 2.76 (1.41–4.23)* | 2.07 (1.00–6.01) | 1.84 (0.48–4.20) | 2.25 (1.72–3.91)* |
| 16 | 3.22 (0.40–4.36) | 1.64 (0.09–3.76) | 2.22 (0.79–5.12) | 1.85 (0.63–4.17) | 2.82 (0.98–6.05) | |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. non-diabetic control (db/+); # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 vs. vehicle-treated db/db mice; § p < 0.05, §§ p < 0.01 vs. empagliflozin group (Mann–Whitney U-test) Ø p < 0.05, ØØ p < 0.01 vs. linagliptin group (Mann–Whitney U-test); + p < 0.05, ++ p < 0.01, +++ p < 0.001 vs. week 8 (Wilcoxon test). EMPA, empagliflozin-treated db/db mice; LINA, linagliptin-treated db/db mice; EMPA+LINA, empagliflozin–linagliptin-treated db/db mice. PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Data are presented as medians (min – max values).