Table 2.
Summary data on impact of the hormone imbalance, disturbance of the sex hormone receptors and the enzyme activity/expression on the hepatic metabolism of lipids in relation to the gender as a cause of many physiological dysfunction, syndromes and diseases.
| Hormone Imbalance or Receptor/Enzyme Dysfunction | Results | References |
|---|---|---|
| disturbed lipids metabolism in male | ||
| ↓ Testosterone | ↑ Hepatic steatosis ↓ Hepatic steatosis |
Vőlzke et al. [64] Jones et al. [65] Schwingel et al. [66] |
| 5α-red1 knockout + ALIOS | Hepatic steatosis | Dowman et al. [12] |
| 5α-red1 knockout + HFD | ↑ TG, hepatic steatosis | Livingstone et al. [13] |
| Hepatic AR- knockout + HFD | Hepatic steatosis, IR | Lin et al. [4], Lin et al. [11] |
| ↓ AR | ↑ TG in liver, hepatic steatosis | Lin et al. [4] |
| ARKO | ↑ TG in liver, obesity, IR | Lin et al. [4] |
| ArKO | Liver steatosis, obesity | Hewitt et al. [40], Fisher et al. [44] |
| ↓ Aromatase | Metabolic anomalies | Maffei et al. [15] |
| ↓ ERα + HFD | ↑ TG, ↑ diacylglyceride, IR | Zhu et al. [38] |
| ERαKO | Fatty liver | Bryzgalova et al. [20] |
| LKO + ↓ Gpr30 + HFD | ↑ TG, ↑ diacylglyceride | Zhu et al. [38], Meoli et al. [39] |
| disturbed lipids metabolism in female | ||
| ↓ Estrogen | ↑ LDL-C, ↓ HDL-C, hepatic steatosis | Trapani et al. [71], Chen et al. [1] |
| ↓ Estrogen + HFD/HFHC | NASH | Kamada et al. [47] |
| LKO + ↓ Gpr30 + HFD | ↑ TG, ↑ diacylglyceride, ↓ HDL-C, ↑ fat liver accumulation, IR | Zhu et al. [38], Meoli et al. [39] |
| ERαKO | Fatty liver | Bryzgalova et al. [34] |
| ArKO | Liver steatosis, obesity | Fisher et al. [44] |
| Hyperandrogenism + PCOS | Obesity, IR, NAFLD | Bohdanowicz-Pawlak et al. [70] |
ALIOS—American lifestyle-induced obesity syndrome, AR—androgen receptor, ARKO—AR knockout, ArKO—aromatase-knockout, ERα—estrogen receptor alpha, ERαKO—ERα knockout, Gpr30—orphan G protein-coupled receptor 30, HDL-C—high-density lipoprotein HFD—high-fat diet, HFHC—high-fat an high-cholesterol diet, IR—insulin resistance, LDL-C—low-density lipoprotein, LKO—liver ERα knockout, MetS—metabolic syndrome, NAFLD—non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, PCOS—polycystic ovary syndrome, T2D—type 2 diabetes, TG—triglycerides, 5α-red1—5α reductase type 1.