Table 2.

Health-related physical fitness changes post-intervention within the study groups.

Health-Related Physical Fitness	Control Group (n = 22)					ET (n = 31)					CnT (n = 23)
	Marginal Mean Diff (SE Diff)			p-Value	Effect Size	Marginal Mean Diff (SE diff)			p-Value	Effect Size	Marginal Mean Diff (SE Diff)			p-Value	Effect Size
Body composition
BMI (kg/m2)	0.52	±	0.29	0.073	0.22	−0.34	±	0.23	0.100	0.01	−0.05	±	0.25	0.84	0.06
Waist circumference (cm)	0.97	±	1.30	0.458	0.17	−2.275 *	±	0.95	0.020	0.21	−2.550 *	±	1.13	0.03	0.10
Motor fitness
One leg stand (seconds)	4.79	±	3.32	0.155	0.33	13.532 *	±	2.65	0.000	0.93	11.656 *	±	2.88	0.000	0.54
Musculoskeletal Fitness
Shoulder-neck mobility (points)	0.09	±	0.53	0.867	0.06	1.757 *	±	0.44	0.000	0.65	2.123 *	±	0.47	0.000	0.60
Handgrip strength (newtons)	−0.223 *	±	0.10	0.023	0.33	0.274 *	±	0.08	0.001	0.46	0.352 *	±	0.08	0.000	0.41
Jump-and-reach (cm)	−1.50	±	1.00	0.140	0.17	0.440	±	0.85	0.605	0.00	1.35	±	0.91	0.143	0.19
Dynamic sit-up (number of sit-up)	−0.34	±	0.55	0.536	0.14	1.769 *	±	0.45	0.000	0.71	1.836 *	±	0.49	0.000	0.64
Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Heart rate in rest (bpm)	0.41	±	2.25	0.855	0.25	−4.296 *	±	1.82	0.022	0.31	−2.08	±	2.09	0.324	0.33
Total time in 2-km test (min)	0.23	±	0.30	0.441	0.16	−1.280 *	±	0.25	0.000	1.20	−1.808 *	±	0.28	0.000	0.84
Estimated VO2 max (mL/kg/min)	−0.03	±	0.16	0.869	0.04	1.306 *	±	0.13	0.000	0.23	1.191 *	±	0.15	0.000	0.23

ET group = endurance training group; CnT = concurrent training group. Data are expressed as marginal mean differences and standard error differences. * Statistical differences p < 0.05 between baseline and post-intervention values of health-related fitness variables through factorial mixed ANOVA are presented in bold letters. Within-group effect size of the exercise interventions was calculated using Cohen’s d and interpreted as follows: small effect (0.10), small-to-medium (0.10–0.25), and medium-to-large effect (≥0.25).