mTOR	mechanistic/mammalian Target of Rapamycin
FGF	Fibroblast Growth Factor
JAK-STAT	Janus kinase—Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription
TGF-β	Transforming Growth Factor-beta
TORC1	Target of Rapamycin Complex 1
TORC2	Target of Rapamycin Complex 2
Raptor	Regulatory-associated protein of mammalian target of rapamycin
Rictor	Rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR
S6K1/2	S6 kinase 1/2
4E-BP	4E binding protein
Sin1	Stress-activated map kinase-interacting protein 1
IGF/IGF-1	Insulin-like growth factor/Insulin-like growth factor—1
SHH	Suppression subtraction hybridization
iPSC	Induced pluripotent stem cells
SPAR	Small regulatory polypeptide of amino acid response
HeLa	Henrietta Lacks cells
PC3	Prostate Cancer cells
v-ATPase	Vacuolar-type H+-ATPase
CNS	Central nervous system
RGC	Retinal ganglion cells
PTEN	Phosphatase and tensin homolog
GSK3ß	Glycogen synthase kinase 3
RTP801	Responsive protein (or Redd1)
MGPC	Müller glia-derived progenitor cells
NMDA	N-methyl-D-aspartate
OPN	Osteopontin
AAV	Adeno-associated virus
MB	Mushroom body
TSC-Rheb-Tor	Tuberous sclerosis complex- Ras homolog enriched in brain—Target of rapamycin
UNF	Unfulfilled Nuclear Receptor
PI3K	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
SCI	Spinal Cord Injuries
ISS	Insulin/IGF signaling
PRAS40	Proline-Rich Akt Substrate of 40 kDa
FOXO	Forkhead Box O (transcription factors)
IL-2	Interleukine 2
ISC	Intestinal Stem Cells
SO2	Sulfur dioxide
EB	Enteroblast
EC	Enterocyte
EGFR/MAPK	Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor/Mitogen-Activating Protein Kinases
PH	Partial Hepatectomy
eIF4E	Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E
E2	17β-estradiol
GPER1	G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor 1
BMP	Bone Morphogenetic Protein
BMSC	Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
SCAP	Stem Cell from Apical Papilla
PKD	Polycystic Kidney Disease
ATG	Autophagy related gene
RT-PCR	Reverse Transcriptase—Polymerase Chain Reaction
hpa	Hours post amputation
Dap-1	Death Associated Protein
RA	Retinoic Acid