Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population according to glucose metabolism status and gender
| Men (n = 197) | Women (n = 188) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal n (%) | Pre-diabetes n (%) | T2DM a n (%) | p-value | Normal n (%) | Pre-diabetes n (%) | T2DM n(%) | p-value | |
| n (%) | 177 (46.0) | 14 (3.6) | 6 (1.6) | 155 (40.3) | 11 (2.8) | 22 (5.7) | ||
| Mean age (years) n (SD)b | 35.76 (15.43) | 41.36 (15.92) | 46.00 (18.52) | 0.138 | 37.53(14.51) | 51.18 (18.26) | 44.50 (18.48) | 0.004** |
| Age group (years) | 0.247 | 0.062 | ||||||
| 18–27 | 63 (92.6) | 4 (5.9) | 1 (1.5) | 46 (86.8) | 2 (3.8) | 5 (9.4) | ||
| 28–37 | 55 (93.2) | 3 (5.1) | 1 (1.7) | 39 (92.9) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (7.1) | ||
| 38–47 | 24 (88.9) | 1 (3.7) | 2 (7.4) | 37 (84.1) | 1 (2.3) | 6 (13.6) | ||
| 48–57 | 11 (78.6) | 3 (21.4) | 0 (0.0) | 15 (68.2) | 4 (18.2) | 3 (13.6) | ||
| 58–67 | 12 (75.0) | 3 (18.8) | 1 (6.2) | 12 (70.6) | 2 (11.8) | 3 (17.6) | ||
| ≥ 68 | 12 (92.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.7) | 6 (60.0) | 2 (20.0) | 2 (20.0) | ||
| Hypertension status | 0.334 | 0.248 | ||||||
| Normal | 62 (91.2) | 3 (4.4) | 3 (4.4) | 65 (87.5) | 1 (1.4) | 8 (10.8) | ||
| Elevated (Pre-hypertension) | 30 (90.9) | 2 (6.1) | 1 (3.0) | 21 (87.5) | 1 (4.2) | 2 (8.3) | ||
| Stage 1 | 59 (93.7) | 3 (4.8) | 1 (1.6) | 38 (76.0) | 6 (12.0) | 6 (12.0) | ||
| Stage 2 | 26 (78.8) | 6 (18.2) | 1 (3.0) | 31 (77.5) | 3 (7.5) | 6 (15.0) | ||
| Body mass index | 0.171 | 0.398 | ||||||
| Underweight | 18 (94.7) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Normal | 117 (92.1) | 5 (4.0) | 4 (3.2) | 53 (88.3) | 1 (1.7) | 6 (10.0) | ||
| Overweight | 31 (79.5) | 6 (15.4) | 2 (5.1) | 49 (77.8) | 4 (6.3) | 10 (15.9) | ||
| Obese | 11 (84.6) | 2 (15.4) | 0 (0.0) | 51 (81.0) | 6 (9.5) | 6 (9.5) | ||
| Waist circumference | 0.121 | 0.224 | ||||||
| Normal | 156 (90.7) | 10 (5.8) | 6 (3.5) | 43 (89.6) | 1 (2.1) | 4 (8.3) | ||
| ≥ 94 cm (men)/≥80 cm (women) | 21 (84.0) | 4 (16.0) | 0 (0.0) | 112 (80.0) | 10 (7.1) | 18 (12.9) | ||
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.069 | 0.832 | ||||||
| Normal | 164 (91.6) | 11 (6.1) | 4 (2.2) | 51 (83.6) | 4 (6.6) | 6 (9.8) | ||
| ≥ 0.95 (men)/≥0.80 (women) | 13 (72.2) | 3 (16.7) | 2 (11.1) | 104 (81.9) | 7 (5.5) | 16 (12.6) | ||
| Education | 0.547 | 0.220 | ||||||
| No formal education | 9 (81.8) | 2 (18.2) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (66.7) | 2 (13.3) | 3 (20.0) | ||
| Primary | 39 (86.7) | 4 (8.9) | 2 (4.4) | 39 (76.8) | 3 (5.9) | 9 (17.6) | ||
| Secondary or higher | 129 (91.5) | 8 (5.7) | 4 (2.8) | 106 (86.9) | 6 (4.9) | 10 (8.2) | ||
| Socio-economic status | 0.248 | 0.487 | ||||||
| Lower | 55 (87.3) | 5 (7.9) | 3 (4.8) | 50 (78.1) | 3 (4.7) | 11 (17.2) | ||
| Middle | 68 (95.8) | 2 (2.8) | 1 (1.4) | 51 (86.4) | 4 (6.8) | 4 (6.8) | ||
| Higher | 54 (85.7) | 7 (11.1) | 2 (3.2) | 54 (83.1) | 4 (6.2) | 7 (10.8) | ||
| Physical activity | 0.937 | 0.866 | ||||||
| No | 84 (90.3) | 6 (6.5) | 3 (3.2) | 107 (82.3) | 7 (5.4) | 16 (12.3) | ||
| Yes | 93 (89.4) | 8 (7.7) | 3 (2.9) | 48 (82.8) | 4 (6.9) | 6 (10.3) | ||
| Smoking history | 0.022* | 0.001* | ||||||
| No | 91 (95.8) | 3 (3.2) | 1 (1.1) | 89 (89.0) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (11.0) | ||
| Yes | 86 (84.3) | 11 (10.8) | 5 (4.9) | 66 (75.0) | 11 (12.5) | 11 (12.5) | ||
| Alcohol use | 0.740 | 0.570 | ||||||
| No | 68 (91.6) | 4 (5.4) | 2 (2.7) | 60 (85.7) | 4 (5.7) | 6 (8.6) | ||
| Yes | 109 (88.6) | 10 (8.1) | 4 (3.3) | 95 (80.5) | 7 (5.9) | 16 (13.6) | ||
a T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus.
b SD, Standard deviation.
**p < 0.05 according to univariate ANOVA
* p < 0.05 according to chi square Pearson statistic or Likelihood ratio
n Number