Table 3.
Crude and adjusted odds ratios for risk factors associated with pre-diabetes and T2DM
| Pre-diabetes | T2DM | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | COR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Education | ||||||||
| No formal education | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Primary | 0.426 | 0.11–1.61 | 0.893 | 0.23–3.52 | ||||
| Secondary or higher | 0.283* | 0.09–0.95 | 0.377 | 0.10–1.43 | ||||
| SES | ||||||||
| Lower | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Middle | 0.662 | 0.22–1.97 | 0.315* | 0.11–0.90 | ||||
| Higher | 1.337 | 0.52–3.46 | 0.625 | 0.26–1.51 | ||||
| Physical activitya | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 1.250 | 0.55–2.82 | 0.642 | 0.28–1.46 | ||||
| Smoking history | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 8.684*** | 2.55–29.58 | 8.895* | 2.27–34.82 | 1.579 | 0.73–3.44 | ||
| Alcohol use | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 1.333 | 0.56–3.18 | 1.569 | 0.67–3.67 | ||||
| Sweet drink consumption | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 2.516 | 0.98–6.46 | 3.479* | 1.08–11.65 | 1.986 | 0.85–4.64 | 3.185* | 1.04–4.75 |
| Salty processed food | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 4.048* | 1.48–11.04 | 8.434** | 2.50–28.48 | 7.01* | 1.77–5.72 | ||
| Fruits consumption | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 0.206*** | 0.09–0.48 | 0.261* | 0.09–0.76 | 0.122*** | 0.05–0.30 | 0.120*** | 0.04–0.38 |
| Vegetables consumption | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 0.048*** | 0.02–0.14 | 0.048*** | 0.02–0.15 | 0.032*** | 0.01–0.10 | 0.047*** | 0.01–0.16 |
AOR Adjusted odds ratio; 95% CI 95% Confidence interval; COR Crude odds ratio; SES Socio-economic status.
a Participants meet the WHO recommended physical activity per week.
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001