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. 2020 May 12;20:226. doi: 10.1186/s12888-020-02633-w

Table 5.

Multiple multivariate linear regressions of kinship predicting caregiving impacts

Variables Coefficients (95% CI)
Family burden (FBIS) Caregiver burden (ZBI) Depression (PHQ-9) Anxiety (GAD-7) Caregiving rewarding feelings (CRF) Family functioning (APGAR)
Kinship Spouse ref ref ref ref ref ref
Parent

1.05

(−2.01, 4.11)

7.94**

(2.08, 13.80)

3.88**

(1.35, 6.41)

2.53*

(0.22, 4.84)

−0.69

(−1.72, 0.33)

−1.71**

(− 2.85, − 0.57)
PLS functioning (GAF)

−0.19***

(− 0.24, − 0.14)

− 0.36***

(− 0.45, − 0.27)

−0.09***

(− 0.13, − 0.05)

−0.05**

(− 0.08, − 0.01)

0.03***

(0.01, 0.05)

0.04***

(0.02, 0.06)
PLS gender Male ref ref ref ref ref ref
Female

0.56

(− 1.93, 3.06)

3.00

(− 1.78, 7.78)

0.02

(− 2.04, 2.08)

−0.44

(− 2.35, 1.46)

0.42

(− 0.41, 1.26)

−0.31

(− 1.23, 0.62)
PLS education Primary ref ref ref ref ref ref
Middle

−0.41

(− 2.93, 2.10)

−0.10

(−4.82, 4.80)

− 1.91

(−3.99, 0.17)

− 1.06

(− 2.97, 0.85)

−0.58

(− 1.42, 0.27)

−0.09

(− 1.03, 0.85)
High

0.71

(− 2.42, 3.84)

− 0.36

(−6.42, 5.70)

−0.51

(− 3.08, 2.06)

−0.64

(− 3.00, 1.72)

−0.18

(− 1.22, 0.87)

−0.08

(− 1.24, 1.08)
Caregiver age

−1.51*

(− 0.29, − 0.01)

−0.42**

(− 0.68, − 0.16)

−0.11

(− 0.22, 0.01)

−0.01

(− 0.12, 0.09)

0.02

(− 0.03, 0.06)

0.03

(− 0.02, 0.08)
Caregiver gender Male ref ref ref ref ref ref
Female

2.77

(−0.01, 5.55)

−0.29

(−5.60, 5.02)

0.46

(− 1.82, 2.74)

1.80

(− 0.29, 3.89)

1.42**

(0.50, 2.35)

0.67

(− 0.36, 1.70)
Caregiver marriage Married ref ref ref ref ref ref
Not married

−1.43

(− 4.80, 1.94)

−6.72

(− 13.12, −0.32)

− 2.02

(− 4.77, 0.73)

−2.72

(− 5.27, − 0.17)

−0.40

(− 1.53, 0.72)

0.57

(− 0.68, 1.81)
Caregiver employment Employed ref ref ref ref ref ref
Not employed

0.59

(− 1.77, 2.95)

2.90

(− 1.65, 7.45)

0.60

(− 1.34, 2.55)

−0.28

(− 2.06, 1.51)

− 0.49

(− 1.28, 0.30)

−0.36

(− 1.24, 0.51)
Caregiver education Primary ref ref ref ref ref ref
Middle

1.04

(− 1.70, 3.78)

0.10

(−5.16, 5.35)

−0.46

(−2.71, 1.80)

− 0.72

(− 2.79, 1.35)

−0.26

(− 1.18, 0.65)

0.84

(− 0.18, 1.86)
High

− 3.26

(− 6.97, 0.45)

−5.41

(− 12.53, 1.72)

−3.53*

(− 6.58, − 0.48)

−4.23

(−7.03, − 1.43)

1.14

(− 0.10, 2.38)

0.53

(− 0.85, 1.91)
Caregiver family income

−0.00

(− 0.00, 0.00)

−0.00

(− 0.00, 0.00)

−0.00

(− 0.00, 0.00)

−0.00

(− 0.00, 0.00)

−0.00

(− 0.00, 0.00)

−0.00

(− 0.00, 0.00)
Co-caregivers No ref ref ref ref ref ref
Yes

0.24

(− 2.14, 2.61)

−4.96*

(−9.50, −0.43)

−0.48

(− 2.43, 1.47)

−0.85

(− 2.65, 0.95)

0.16

(− 0.63, 0.95)

1.22**

(0.34, 2.10)
Additional dependents No ref ref ref ref ref ref
Yes

2.13

(−0.14, 4.40)

−0.83

(− 5.19, 3.53)

0.20

(− 1.67, 2.07)

−0.17

(− 1.89, 1.55)

0.40

(− 0.36, 1.16)

0.32

(− 0.52, 1.16)
Physical illness No ref ref ref ref ref ref
Yes

1.88

(−0.60, 4.37)

3.17

(−1.61, 7.94)

3.03**

(0.96, 5.09)

2.05*

(0.15, 3.94)

0.29

(−0.54, 1.12)

0.09

(−0.84, 1.01)
Length of caring

0.07

(−0.05, 0.19)

0.14

(−0.09, 0.37)

0.01

(− 0.09, 0.11)

−0.04

(− 0.13, 0.05)

0.01

(− 0.02, 0.05)

−0.02

(− 0.06, 0.03)
R2 34.44% 33.56% 24.47% 18.82% 13.84% 18.50%
Mean VIF (range)&

1.43

(1.07, 2.13)

1.42

(1.07, 2.12)

1.42

(1.07, 2.14)

1.43

(1.07, 2.13)

1.42

(1.07, 2.13)

1.42

(1.07, 2.13)

*P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, numbers in bold represents significant values at P = 0.05/0.01/0.001

GAF Global Assessment of Function; PLS People living with schizophrenia; FBIS: Family Burden Interview Schedule; ZBI Zarit Burden Interview; PHQ-9 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; GAD-7 7-item Generalized Anxiety

Disorder Scale; CRF Caregiving Rewarding Feelings; APGAR Family Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection and Resolve Index scale

&VIF variance inflation factor, indicating collinearity if VIF > 5, here all VIF are below the criteria thus excluding multicollinearity