Table 1.
Sample characteristics
| Variable | Total | Male (n = 192) | Female (n = 130) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age years mean (95% CI) | 47.8 (46–49.5) | 49 (47–51) | 46 (43–49) | 0.12 |
| Education <6th grade n (%) | 301 (93) | 182 (94) | 119 (92) | 0.13 |
| Married n (%) | 288 (89) | 169 (88) | 49 (89) | 0.31 |
| Have young children < 18 yrs. n (%) | 79 (25) | 43 (22) | 36 (28) | 0.28 |
| Employed n (%) | 125 (39) | 97 (51) | 28 (22) | 0.00 |
| Substance Abuse n (%) | 108 (34) | 75 (39) | 33 (25) | 0.01 |
| Experienced Life Stressors n (%) | 6 (2) | 2 (1.0) | 4 (3) | 0.18 |
| Low Social Support n (%) | 62 (19) | 39 (20) | 23 (18) | 0.65 |
| Indication for ICU stay n (%) | – | – | 0.58 | |
| Postoperative | 117 (36) | |||
| Medical | 101 (32) | |||
| Neurological | 68 (21) | |||
| Trauma | 36 (11) | |||
| Length of Stay in ICU days mean (95% CI) | 4.7 (4.2–5.1) | 4.7 (4.1–5.2) | 4.6 (4.0–5.2) | 0.68 |
| APACHE II mean (95% CI) | 9.5 (9–10) | 9.7 (9.0–10.4) | 9.2 (8.4–9.9) | 0.23 |
| SOFA score mean (95% CI) | 3.4 (3–3.7) | 3.3 (2.9–3.7) | 3.4 (2.8–4.0) | 0.85 |
| Mechanical Ventilation > 48 h n (%) | 169 (53) | 105 (54.7) | 64 (50) | 0.34 |
| RAS scores mean (95% CI) | −0.4(− 0.3to-0.5) | −0.38 (− 0.24 to − 0.5) | −0.47 (− 0.33 to − 0.61) | 0.38 |
| Administered benzodiazepine n (%) | 163 (51) | 99 (51.6) | 64 (49) | 0.68 |
| Administered Steroids n (%) | 145 (45) | 84 (44) | 61 (47) | 0.57 |
| IESr in ICU median (IQR) | 7 (6) | 8(5) | 7 (6) | 0.16 |
| IESr at 1-month median (IQR) | 2 (2) | 2 (2) | 2 (3) | 0.88 |
| IESr at 3 months median (IQR) | 0 (2) | 0 (2) | 0 (2) | 0.87 |
| HADS in ICU median (IQR) | 10 (5) | 10 (4) | 8 (4) | 0.71 |
| HADS at 1-month median (IQR) | 3 (2) | 3 (2) | 3 (3) | 0.95 |
| HADS at 3 months median (IQR) | 2 (3) | 3(3) | 2 (4) | 0.58 |
| EQ5D VAS in ICU | 35 (10) | 35 (10) | 35 (10) | 0.3 |
| EQ5D VAS 30 d | 70 (15) | 70 (11) | 70 (15) | 0.34 |
| EQ5D VAS 90 d | 80 (11) | 80 (15) | 80 (10) | 0.69 |
APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, RAS Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale, IES-r Impact of Events Scale-Revised, HADS Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale, IQR Inter Quartile Range, EQ5D VAS Visual Analogue Score in European Quality of Life 5 dimensions tool, d days