Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Study design | Simple size, n | Patients | Age, years | BMI, Kg/m2 | Comorbidities/Etitology | Meds use: RAAS | Outcomes | Measuring time point |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hellberg [26] Sweden (2019) | RCT | E1: 73 | E1: CKD4–5 | E1: 67 ± 14 | E1: 28 ± 6 | E1: DM/Hypertension | E: YES | U-ACR (mg/mmol) | 0, 4, 8 mo |
| E2: 75 | E2: CKD4–5 | E2: 65 ± 14 | E2: 27 ± 5 | E2: DM/Hypertension | C: YES | ||||
| Liang [27] China (2016) | RCT | E1: 29 | E1: CKD2–3 | E1: 48.21 ± 3.62 | E1: 23.28 ± 2.49 | E1: Hypertension | E1: YES | 24 h UP (g/24 h) | 0, 12 w |
| E2: 29 | E2: CKD2–3 | E2: 48.50 ± 3.51 | E2: 23.3 ± 2.53 | E2: Hypertension | E2: YES | ||||
| C: 29 | C: CKD2–3 | C: 48.00 ± 3.62 | C: 23.25 ± 2.52 | C: Hypertension | C: YES | ||||
| Aoike [28] Brizal (2017) | RCT | E1:12 | E1: CKD3–4 | E1: 56.0 ± 8.3 | E1: 31.1 ± 4.6 | E1: DM/Hypertension | E1: YES | Urinary protein (g/24 h) | 0, 12, 24 w |
| E2:13 | E2: CKD3–4 | E2: 56.3 ± 7.9 | E2: 31.8 ± 4.5 | E2: DM/Hypertension | E2: YES | ||||
| C:15 | C: CKD3–4 | C: 54.3 ± 8.7 | C: 30.7 ± 4.1 | C: DM/Hypertension | C: YES | ||||
| Leehey [29] The USA (2009) | Pilot RCT | E:7 | E: CKD2–4 | E: NG | E: NG | E: DM | E: YES | UPCR (mg/g). UACR (mg/g) | 0, 6, 24 w |
| C: 4 | C: CKD2–4 | C: NG | C: NG | C: DM | C: YES | Urine protein excretion (mg/24 h) | |||
| Hiraki [30] Japan (2017) | RCT | E: 14 | E: CKD3–4 | E: 69.0 ± 6.8 | E: 24.4 ± 3.5 | E: DM | E: NG | Urinary protein (g/gCr) | 0, 12 mo |
| C: 14 | C: CKD3–4 | C: 67.8 ± 6.9 | C: 23 ± 2.5 | C: DM | C: NG | ||||
| Leehey [31] The USA (2016) | RCT | E: 14 | E: CKD2–4 | E: 65.4 ± 8.7 | E: 36.2 ± 4.8 | E: DM2/Hypertension | E: YES | UPCR (mg/g) | 0, 3, 13 mo |
| C: 18 | C: CKD2–4 | C: 66.6 ± 7.5 | C: 37.4 ± 4.2 | C: DM2/Hypertension | C: YES | UACR (mg/g) | |||
| Pechter [32] Estonia (2003) | Quasi-experimental study | E: 17 | E: moderate CKD | E: 52 (31–72) * | E: 29.4 ± 1.3 | E: Hypertension | E: NG | Urinary proteinuria excretion (U-Pro, g/24 h) | 0, 12 mo |
| C: 9 | C: moderate CKD | C: 48 (35–65) * | C: 28.1 ± 1.3 | C: Hypertension | C: NG | ||||
| Viana [33] England (2014) | Quasi-experimental study | E: 13 | E: CKD4–5 | E: 61 ± 8 | E: 26.6 ± 4.7 | E: NG | E: YES | UPCR (mg/mmol) | 0, 6 mo |
| C: 11 | C: CKD4–5 | C: 56 ± 16 | C: 29 ± 5.9 | C: NG | C: YES | ||||
| Nylen [34] The USA (2015) | Quasi-experimental study | E1: 38 | E1: CKD1–3 | E1: 62 ± 2.1 | E1: NG | E1: DM2, | E1: NG | urinary albuminuria (UAE, mg/g creatinine). | 0, 12 mo |
| E2: 53 | E2: CKD2 | E:2: 62.5 ± 7.4 | E2: NG | E2: DM2 | E2: NG | ||||
| E3: 37 | E3: CKD3 | E3: 63.8 ± 7.2 | E3: NG | E3: DM2 | E3: NG | ||||
| Hamada [35] Japan (2016) | A single-armed intervention study | E: 47 | E: CKD1–5 | E: 68.8 ± 11.8 | E: 25.3 ± 3.8 | E: DM | E: YES | Point of proteinuria: UPCR (g/gCr) | 0, 6 mo |
| Zhang [36] China (2018) | Quasi-experimental study | E: 25 | E: CKD2–3 | E: 36.36 ± 10.12 | E: NG | E: NG, | E: YES | Urinary proteinuria excretion (U-pro, mg/24 h) | 0, 3, 6 mo |
| C: 27 | C: CKD2–3 | C: 35.89 ± 9.64 | C: NG | C: NG | C: YES |
Notes. E: Experimental group; C: Control group; RCT: Randomized controlled studies; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; BMI: Body mass index; NG: Not given; Med use: Medication use; RAAS: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system drugs; DM: Diabetes mellitus; DM2: Type II diabetes; UACR: Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; 24 h UP: 24-h urinary protein; UPCR: Urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio; mo: month; w: week; *: median and range