Table 2.

Exercise training parameters

Study	Modality	Intensity	Session long, min	Follow-up, mo	Frequency	Setting	Supervision	Adherence reporting
Hellberg [26] Sweden (2019)	E1: ST + ET	ST: RPE 13–17	ST: 90 min/w	12 mo	ST: 3 times/w	HB /nearby gym	NO	YES
	ET: Walking, running, cycling, and rowing etc.	ET: RPE 13–15	ET: 30 min, 60 min/w		ET: 2 times/w
		(Vigorous)
	ST: Quadriceps extension, hamstrings curl, lats-pull down, etc. 2–3 sets of 10 repetitions.
	E2: BT + ET	ST: RPE 13–17	BT: 90 min/w	12 mo	BT: 3 times/w
	ET: The same to E1.	BT: RPE 13–17	ET: 30 min, 60 min/w		ET: 2 times/w
	BT: Static and dynamic balance exercises (maintaining balance while standing with feet together, standing on one leg, etc.) 10 repetitions, 2–3 sets.	(Vigorous)
Liang [27] China (2016)	E1: AE	E1: 50%	AE: 30 min	3 mo	3 times/w	Unclear	Unclear	NO
	5 min warm up, ride a bike, 5 min of relaxation.	VO2peak RPE 12–13 (Moderate)	RE: 10 s/actions, 10 times/actions
	E2: AE + RE	E2: 50% VO2peak
	5 min warm up, ride a bike plus thera-band resistance training.	RPE 12–13
		(Moderate)
	C: High quality and low protein (≤0.6 g/kg/d) and other reasonable diet, and routine treatment.
Aoike [28] Brizal (2017)	E1: HB AE AE: Walking.	E1: 40–60% VO2peak (Moderate)	AE: 30 min, Puls 10 min/4 w	3 mo	3 times/w	HB+ CB	YES	NO
	E2: CB AE AE: Walking on a treadmill.	E2: 40–60% VO2peak (Moderate)
	C: Usual care
Leehey [29] The USA (2009)	E: AE	E: 20–60% VO2peak	30 min	6 mo	3 times/w	CB+ HB	YES (6 w) NO (18 w) (Mixed)	NO
	AE: Walking on a treadmill. Warm-up, range-of-motion exercises, interval training, cool-down, and post-exercise range-of-motion exercises.	(Moderate)	Plus 5 min/2 w
	C: Underwent the same testing battery but did not participate in any exercise training.
Hiraki [30] Japan (2017)	E: AE + RE	E: RPE	AE: 30 min/8000	12 mo	3 times/w	HB	NO	YES
	AE: Walking.	(Moderate)	−10,000 steps
	RE: Handgrip strengthening device squats and calf raises 20–30 repetitions per exercise.		RE: 20–30 min
	C: Wore an accelerometer, but not given any exercise advice and continue the daily exercise.
Leehey [31] The USA (2016)	E: AE + RE + diet (Nutritional counselling)	E: 25–84% VO2peak	AE: 60 min	13 mo	60 min/time- 3 times/w	HB	YES	NO
		(Vigorous)	RE: 20–30 min		30 min/time- 6 times/w
	AE: Interval training on a treadmill.		HB (AE + RE):
	RE: An elliptical trainer and cycle ergometer progressive resistance lower body exercise using elastic bands, hand-held weights or weight machine.		30 min/time, or 60 min/time
	C: Diet (Nutritional counselling).
Pechter [32] Estonia (2003)	E: AE	E: Low intensity	30 min	3 mo	2 times/w	Unclear	Unclear	N0
	AE: Water-based, vertically in the pool with total immersion (water temperature, 24 °C), 10 min warm-up exercises with gradually increasing intensity, 10 min cooling-down exercise.
	C: Unclear
Viana [33] England (2014)	E: AE	E: RPE 12–14	30 min	6 mo	5 times/w	HB	YES	NO
	AE: walking.	(Moderate)
	C: Usual physical activity.
Nylen [34] The USA (2015)	E1: AE + RE	E1: 50–80% HRR	60 min	3 mo	Unclear	Unclear	YES	NO
	AE + RE: 1 h session conclude that warm-up and cool-down and 30 min of combined aerobic and resistance training.	(Vigorous)
	E2: The same to E1.	E2: 50–80% HRR	60 min	3 mo	Unclear
		(Vigorous)
	E3: The same to E1.	E3: 50–80% HRR	60 min	3 mo	Unclear
		(Vigorous)
Hamada [35] Japan (2016)	E: AE + RE	RE: 3–4 METS	90–120 min	6 mo	6 session/month	HB	Unclear	NO
	AE + RE: Resistance and effective walking.	AE: 12–14 RPE
		(Moderate)
Zhang [36] China (2018)	E:AE + RE	IPAQ	30 min	6 mo	3 times/w	HB	Unclear	NO
	Regular walking, yoga, aerobic gymnastics, biking, etc.	(Vigorous)
	One or more forms of the aerobic and resistance exercise items.
	C: Ordinary daily activities.

Notes. E Exercise group, C Control group, AE Aerobic exercise, RE Resistance exercise, w week, mo month, ST Strength training, BT Balance training, HB Home-based, CB Center-based, min minutes, HRR Heart rate reserve, ET Endurance training, RPE Rating of perceived exertion, METs Metabolic equivalent, VO₂peak Peak oxygen uptake, IPAQ International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The intensity of classification about low, moderate, and vigorous according to the advice of ACSM [23]