Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Study | Population | Intervention duration (wk) | Dropout rate (%) | No. of participants | Intervention | CWAT type | Outcome parameter |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Altenburg 2015 | COPD (62 ± 1a years; sex m/f: 102/53) | 64 | 30 | 78 | I: Goal setting, motivational interviewing techniques (five individual 30 min counselling sessions) and pedometer use for feedback and motivation | Yamax Digiwalker SW-200 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day |
| 77 | C: Usual care | ||||||
| Araiza 2006 | T2DM (50 ± 10 years) | 6 | 0 | 15 | I: Pedometer use and instructed to walk 10.000 steps/day on 5 or more days of the week | Yamax Digiwalker SW-701 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day Cardiometabolic risk: - Body mass index - Waist circumference - Body fat percentage - Systolic blood pressure - Diastolic blood pressure - HbA1c - Fasting glucose - Fasting insulin - HOMA-IR - Triglycerides - Total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol - LDL cholesterol |
| 15 | C: Pedometer use and instructed to maintain normal activity habits | ||||||
| Armit 2009 | Sedentary older adults (50–59 years: n = 78, 60–70 years: n = 58; sex m/f: 40/51) | 12 | 0 | 46 | I: Physical activity advice provided during a 30 min behaviour change counselling session (Transtheoritical model) and three follow-up telephone calls, pedometer use, goal setting and motivational interviewing techniques | – |
Cardiometabolic risk: - Body mass index - Systolic blood pressure - Diastolic blood pressure - Resting heart rate |
| 45 | C: Usual care (3-5 min of brief verbal physical activity advice and written information) | ||||||
| Baker 2008 | Overweight/Obesity (49.3 ± 8.8 years; sex m/f: 63/16) | 12 | 20 | 39 | I: Pedometer-based walking program with consultations based on the Transtheoretical Model of exercise behaviour change, goal setting (3000 steps/day above baseline) | Omron HJ-109E Step-O-Meter |
Physical activity: - Steps/day Cardiometabolic risk: - Body weight - Body mass index - Waist circumference - Hip circumference - Waist-to-hip ratio - Body fat percentage - Systolic blood pressure - Diastolic blood pressure - Resting heart rate - Total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol - LDL cholesterol |
| 40 | C: Maintain usual activity levels | ||||||
| Bjorgaas 2008 | T2DM (58.9 ± 10.5 years; sex m/f: 31/17) | 26 | 31 | 23 | I: Pedometer use, goal setting, physical activity calendar, encouraged to increase targeted number of steps | Yamax Digiwalker ML AW-320 |
Cardiometabolic risk: - Body weight - Systolic blood pressure - Diastolic blood pressure - HbA1c - Fasting glucose - Triglycerides - Total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol - Peak oxygen uptake |
| 25 | C: Encouraged to increase daily time spent walking | ||||||
| Bond 2014 | Overweight/Obesity (46.0 ± 8.9 years; sex m/f: 10/65) | 6 | 6 | 40 | I: Individual face-to-face counseling sessions (6 sessions lasted 30–45 min) based on theoretical constructs from the Transtheoretical Model, Theory of Planned Behaviour, Social Cognitive Theory, and Self-Determination Theory; goal setting, pedometer use, problem solving, action planning, review of progress | – |
Physical activity: - Steps/day |
| 35 |
C:Standard preoperative care. Surgeons and members of the surgical team advised participants to adopt an active lifestyle and engage in walking exercise and other similar activities |
||||||
| Butler 2009 | CVD (63.8 ± 10.8 years; sex m/f: 83/27) | 26 | 26 | 55 | I: Pedometer use, step calendar, four telephone calls, behavioural counselling, goal setting, generic physical activity information brochures | Yamax Digiwalker 700B |
Cardiometabolic risk: - Body mass index - Waist circumference |
| 55 | C: Generic physical activity information brochures | ||||||
| Coelho 2017 | Asthma (45.9 ± 16.7 years; sex m/f: 5/32) | 12 | 19 | 20 | I: Individual standardized educational session, Pedometer use, step based physical activity prescription, goal setting (steps taken during the previous week plus 1000 steps) | Yamax Digiwalker SW-200 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day |
| 17 | C: Individual standardized educational session | ||||||
| Croteau 2007 | Sedentary older adults (72.9 ± 8.8 years; sex m/f: 32/115) | 12 | 14 | 79 | I: Behaviour change counselling session (Social cognitive theory), pedometer use, goal setting, select strategies for increasing daily step counts, review pedometer usage and discuss procedures for keeping a step calendar and monthly group sessions | Yamax Digiwalker SW-200 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day |
| 68 | C: Instructed to continue usual activity habits | ||||||
| De Blok 2006 | COPD (64.1 ± 11.1 years; sex m/f: 9/12) | 10 | 24 | 10 | I: Behaviour change counselling programme and pedometer use for feedback and motivation | Yamax Digiwalker SW-200 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day |
| 11 | C: Usual care (regular pulmonary rehabilitation programme) | ||||||
| De Greef 2010 | T2DM (35–54 years: n = 6, 55–75 years: n = 35; sex m/f: 28/13) | 12 | 10 | 20 | I: cognitive-behavioural group programme (5 sessions of 90 min), pedometer use | Yamax Digiwalker SW-200 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day Cardiometabolic risk: - Body weight - Body mass index - Systolic blood pressure - Diastolic blood 4pressure - HbA1c - Total cholesterol |
| 21 | C: Usual care and one single group education on the effects of physical activity on diabetes care | ||||||
| De Greef 2011 (1) | T2DM (67.4 ± 9.3 years; sex m/f: 47/20) | 12 | 4 | 21 | I1: Pedometer and diary use, goal setting, three 90 min group counselling sessions (based on the cognitive behavioural therapy, the Diabetes Prevention Program, the First Step Program and motivational interviewing) by a clinical psychologist | Yamax Digiwalker SW-200 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day Cardiometabolic risk: - Body mass index - Waist circumference - HbA1c - Fasting glucose - Total cholesterol |
| 22 | I2: Pedometer and diary use, goal setting, three individual 15 min face-to-face consultations with a clinical psychologist | ||||||
| 24 | C: General care from the general practitioner | ||||||
| De Greef 2011 (2) | T2DM (62 ± 9 years; sex m/f: 64/28) | 26 | 4 | 60 | I: Face-to-face session (based on the cognitive behavioural therapy, the Diabetes Prevention Program, the First Step Program and motivational interviewing), pedometer and diary use, 24-week telephone support programme | Yamax Digiwalker SW-200 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day |
| 32 | C: General care from the general practitioner | ||||||
| Diedrich 2009 | T2DM (54.2 ± 11.6 years sex m/f: 18/35) | 12 | 38 | 27 | I: Diabetes Self-Management Education Program, Manpo-Kei book; pedometer use, record pedometer readings according to instructions in the book | Yamax Digiwalker SW-200 |
Cardiometabolic risk: - Body fat percentage - Systolic blood pressure - Diastolic blood pressure - HbA1c |
| 26 | C: Diabetes Self-Management Education Program | ||||||
| Duscha 2018 | CVD (62.3 ± 8.3 years; sex m/f: 19/6) | 12 | 22 | 16 | I: CWAT use, exercise prescription by daily step count, health coaching (health related recommendations, planning, motivation and sending educational material via email and text messages) | Fitbit Charge |
Physical activity: - Steps/day Cardiometabolic: - Peak oxygen uptake |
| 9 | C: Usual care | ||||||
| Engel 2006 | T2DM (62.4 ± 7.7 years; sex m/f: 28/26) | 26 | 7 | 24 | I: Coaching (Diabetes-related education, goal setting, supportive/motivational strategies, behaviour change strategies and psychosocial support by telephone or face-to-face contact) and pedometer use | Yamax Digiwalker-700 |
Cardiometabolic: - Body weight - Body mass index - Waist circumference - Systolic blood pressure - Diastolic blood pressure - HbA1c |
| 30 | C: Coaching (Diabetes-related education, goal setting, supportive/motivational strategies, behaviour change strategies and psychosocial support by telephone or face-to-face contact) | ||||||
| Hospes 2009 | COPD (62.2 ± 8.6 years; sex m/f: 21/14) | 12 | 10 | 18 | I: Customized exercise counselling programme (5 sessions), goal setting and pedometer use | Digiwalker SW-200 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day |
| 17 | C: Usual care | ||||||
| Houle 2011 | CVD (58.5 ± 8.5 years; sex m/f: 51/14) | 52 | 22 | 32 | I: Pedometer use, diary, physical activity, goal setting (target of 3000 steps per day increment in physical activity counselling (social cognitive theory) by a clinical nurse specialist | Digiwalker SW-200 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day Cardiometabolic: - Waist circumference - Systolic blood pressure - Diastolic blood pressure - Resting heart rate - Fasting glucose - Triglycerides - LDL cholesterol - HDL cholesterol |
| 33 | C: Usual care | ||||||
| Kaminsky 2013 | CVD (56.0 ± 9.2 years; sex m/f: 14/4) | 8 | 36 | 10 | I: Recommended to obtain a minimum of 30–40 min/day moderate-to-vigorous physical activity on days they did not attend cardiac rehabilitation, daily step count goals to increase by 10% of baseline step per day | NL-1000 New-lifestyles |
Physical activity: - Steps/day |
| 8 | C: Usual care | ||||||
| Kawagoshi 2015 | COPD (74.6 ± 8.4 years; sex m/f: 24/3) | 52 | 31 | 12 | I: Multidisciplinary home-based physical rehabilitation program, pedometer use, goal of 8000 steps per day, staff gave verbal reinforcement | Kenz Lifecorder EX |
Cardiometabolic: - Body mass index |
| 15 | C: Multidisciplinary home-based physical rehabilitation program | ||||||
| Kempf 2018 | Overweight/obese (45.4 ± 10.0 years; sex m/f: 81/99) | 12 | 16 | 58 | I1: Pedometer use, weekly care calls from trained coaches (information about overweight or obesity-related diseases like type 2 diabetes, healthy diet, physical activity, and coping strategies for lifestyle changes), participants were motivated to achieve individual goals using mental motivation program | SmartLAB walk P+ |
Cardiometabolic risk: - Body weight - Body mass index - Waist circumference - Systolic blood pressure - Diastolic blood pressure - HbA1c - Triglycerides - Total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol - LDL cholesterol |
| 61 | I2: Pedometer use | ||||||
| 61 | C: Routine care | ||||||
| Kooiman 2018 | T2DM (56.4 ± 11.3 years; sex m/f: 38/34) | 13 | 8 | 40 | I: Usual care, activity tracker and access to online self-tracking (eHealth) program | Fitbit Zip |
Cardiometabolic risk: - Body weight - Body mass index - Waist circumference - Hip circumference - Waist-to-hip ratio - HbA1c |
| 32 | C: Usual care | ||||||
| Mendoza 2015 | COPD (68.7 ± 8.5 years; sex m/f: 62/40) | 12 | 5 | 52 | I: Pedometer use, diary with step count, goal setting | Tanita PD724 Triaxial pedometer |
Physical activity: - Steps/day |
| 50 | C: Counselling to increase physical activity (to walk at least 30 min/day) | ||||||
| Nolan 2017 | COPD (68 ± 9 years; sex m/f: 110/42) | 26 | 26 | 76 | I: Usual care (physical rehabilitation programme), pedometer use, goal setting and step count diary | Yamax Digiwalker CW700 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day |
| 76 | C: Usual care (physical rehabilitation programme) | ||||||
| Rowley 2017 | Sedentary older adults (67.3 ± 6.3 years; sex m/f: 135/35) | 12 | 24 | 51 | I1:Pedometer use, given the goal to increase daily step count by 10% each week, when 10.000 steps per day were reached they were instructed to maintain 10.000 steps per day, incentives | Omron HJ-720ITC |
Physical activity: - Steps/day |
| 62 | I2: Pedometer use, interactive website with key strategies to increase PA systematically in older adults including education and goal setting, self-regulation, and frequent feedback and rewarding, incentives | ||||||
| 57 | C: Maintain usual activity levels | ||||||
| Suboc 2014 [1] | Sedentary older adults (63.1 ± 7.3 years; sex m/f: 71/36) | 12 | 6 | 41 | I1: Pedometer use, goal setting (10% above baseline each week to reach 10.000 steps/day) | Omron HJ-720ITC |
Physical activity: - Steps/day Cardiometabolic risk: - Body weight - Body mass index - Waist circumference - Systolic blood pressure - Diastolic blood pressure - Resting heart rate - Fasting glucose - Fasting insulin - Triglycerides - Total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol - LDL cholesterol |
| 36 |
I2: Pedometer use combined with interactive website intervention (frequent feedback, motivational messages, self-regulation, goal setting, education and practice in realistic behavioural change strategies, rewarding) |
||||||
| 30 | C: Maintain usual activity levels | ||||||
| Suboc 2014 [2] | Sedentary older adults (63.0 ± 7.3 years; sex m/f: 35/67) | 12 | 6 | 35 | I1: Pedometer use, goal setting (10% above baseline each week to reach 10.000 steps/day) | Omron HJ-720ITC |
Physical activity: - Steps/day Cardiometabolic risk: - Body weight - Body mass index - Waist circumference - Systolic blood pressure - Diastolic blood pressure - Resting heart rate |
| 28 | I2: Pedometer use combined with interactive website intervention (frequent feedback, motivational messages, self-regulation, goal setting, education and practice in realistic behavioural change strategies, rewarding) | ||||||
| 39 | C: Maintain usual activity levels | ||||||
| Ter Hoeve 2018 | CVD (59.0 ± 8.5 years; sex m/f: 260/64) | 64 | 34 | 161 | I: Pedometer use, 3 face-to-face group PA counseling sessions consisted of information about health behavior, self-monitoring, goal setting, feedback, barrier identification and relapse prevention | Digiwalker SW-200 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day |
| 163 | C: Usual care | ||||||
| Tudor-Locke 2004 | T2DM (52.7 ± 5.2 years; sex m/f: 26/21) | 16 | 22 | 24 | I: First Step behavioural modification program: Behaviour modification program based on the theoretical principles of self-efficacy and social support, the common clinical practices of goal setting, pedometer use and a calendar for self-monitoring and feedback | Digiwalker SW-200 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day Cardiometabolic: - Body weight - Body mass index - Waist circumference - Hip circumference - Systolic blood pressure - Diastolic blood pressure - Resting heart rate - HbA1c - Fasting glucose - Fasting insulin - Triglycerides - Total cholesterol - LDL cholesterol - HDL cholesterol |
| 23 | C: Usual care | ||||||
| Van Dyck 2013 | T2DM (62 ± 9 years; sex m/f: 63/29) | 52 | 0 | 60 | I: Pedometer use, face-to-face session, telephone support and goal setting. | Digiwalker SW-200 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day Cardiometabolic: - Body weight - Body mass index - Waist circumference - Systolic blood pressure - HbA1c - Fasting glucose - Triglycerides - Total cholesterol - LDL cholesterol - HDL cholesterol |
| 32 | C: Usual care | ||||||
| Vidoni 2016 | Cognitive impairment related to Alzheimer’s disease (72.3 ± 5.2 years; sex m/f: 12/9) | 16 | 43 | 9 | I: Pedometer use, goal setting (increase goal steps 20% each week and maintaining in weeks 7 and 8), bi-weekly phone calls to encourage physical activity | Fitbit Zip |
Physical activity: - Steps/day |
| 12 | C: Masked pedometers | ||||||
| Vogel 2017 | CVD (62.8 ± 9.5 years; sex m/f: 29/0) | 12 | 0 | 13 | I: Pedometer use, goal setting | Polar loop |
Cardiometabolic: - Work rate |
| 16 | C: Usual care | ||||||
| Yamada 2012 | Sedentary older adults (75.7 ± 6.8 years; sex m/f: 42/40) | 26 | 6 | 40 | I: Pedometer-based behavioural change program consisted of goal setting (increase daily steps by 10% each month), self-monitoring and feedback | Yamax Powerwalker EX-510 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day |
| 42 | C: Maintain usual activity levels | ||||||
| Yates 2009 | Impaired glucose tolerance (65.5 ± 9.0 years; sex m/f: 37/21) | 52 | 18 | 29 | I: Group-based education program (PREPARE program), pedometer use, goal setting (increase activity levels by at least 3000 steps/day) | Digiwalker SW-200 |
Physical activity: - Steps/day Cardiometabolic: - Fasting glucose |
| 29 | C: Usual care | ||||||
| Yates 2010 | Impaired glucose tolerance (65.0 ± 8.9 years; sex m/f: 33/17) | 52 | 24 | 24 | I: Single session group-based education program (PREPARE program), pedometer use, goal setting (increase activity levels by at least 3000 steps/day) |
NL-800 New-lifestyles |
Physical activity: - Steps/day Cardiometabolic: - Body weight - Body mass index - Fasting glucose - Triglycerides - Total cholesterol - HDL cholesterol |
| 26 | C: Usual care |